were observed as they slowly grasped---or ,as the case might be,bumped into---concepts that adults take for granted, as they refuseed, for instance, to concede that quantity is unchanged as water pours from a short stout glass into a tall thin one. Psychologists have since demonstrated that young children, asked to count the pencils in a pile, readily report the number of blue or red pencils, but must be coaxed into finding the total. Such studies have suggested that the rudiments of mathematics are mastered gradually, and with effort. They have also suggested that the very concept of abstract numbers--- the idea of a oneness, a twoness, a threeness that applies to any class of objects and is a prerequisite for doing anything more mathematically demanding than setting a table--- is itself far from innate.
31.What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) Trends in teaching mathematics to children (B) The use of mathematics in child psychology (C) The development of mathematical ability in children (D) The fundamental concepts of mathematics that children must learn
32.It can be inferred from the passage that children normally learn simple counting (A) soon after they learn to talk (B) by looking at the clock (C) when they begin to be mathematically mature (D) after they reach second grade in school
33.The word "illuminated in line 11 is closest in meaning to (A) iliustrated (B) accepted (C) clarified (D) lighted
34 . The author implies that most small children believe that the quantity of water changes when it is transferred to a container of a different (A) color (B) quality (C) weight (D) shape
35 .According to the passage, when small children were asked to count a pile of red and blue pencils they (A) counted the number of pencils of each color (B) guessed at the total number of pencils (C) counted only the pencils of their favorite color