1. 时态 1)现在完成进行时态 (have/has been -ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现 在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束. I’ve been writing letters for an hour. I’ve been sitting in the garden.
2)过去完成进行时(由had been ing分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作 I’d been working for some time when he called. We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.
3)将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作. By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years. In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.
4)将来完成时(由shall/will have 过去分词构成): 将来某时会业已发生的事. I shall have finished this one before lunch. They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.
2. 语态 1) 可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如: He was said to be jealous of her success. It was said that he was jealous of her success.
能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有 assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等. It is supposed that the ship has been sunk. The ship is supposed to have been sunk.
担当be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如: Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你应该晓得速度限制)
2) 双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态 a) 双宾语结构的被动语态: 双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语, 另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.