二、知识因素在语言中的运用 这里所说的知识包括与听力材料有关的背景知识、对话和文章的话题知识、听力的策略知识以及听力测试的命题规律等知识。 1、背景知识 对听力材料的背景知识的了解有助于听力材料的理解，而缺乏应有的背景知识常常是造成理解失败的原因。听力对话和听力短文所涉及的领域广泛，要求同学们注意积累有关文化、历史、地理、宗教、政治、风俗、生活等各方面的知识，正是Rich experiences are the facilitator of listening comprehension. 2、话题知识 无 论是对话还是短文，都有其所涉及的话题，所要说明的主题，而材料中的一切又都是为了这一主题服务，表现同一主题，或同一话题又有与其同现的词汇。同学们可以通过这些词汇推测文章的话题，然后通过文章的主题，预测文章的大体内容，从而对短文进行整体的理解。同学们同样可以通过同现的词汇推测对话发生的地点，会话人之间的关系，各自的身份等。 （1）利用词汇的同现判断对话发生的地点以及会话人之间的关系和身份、职业等。如： ① M: The Golden Lion sounds like a nice place to eat. W: Ok, let’s go there. I hear that they have a complete menu and a warm atmosphere. Q: Where are the man and the woman going? (1989.1) A. To the beach. B. To a play. C. To a movie theater D. To a restaurant. 从menu一词结合a nice place to eat，同学们便可轻松判断答案D。 ② M: How about the food I ordered? I’ve been waiting for 20 minutes. W: I’m very sorry, sir. I’ll be back with your order in a minute. Q: Who is the man most probably speaking to? A. A shop assistant. B. A telephone operator. C. A waitress D. A clerk. 从order的使用可以判断答案为C。 ③ M: Why didn’t you stop when we first signaled? W: I’m sorry. Will I have to pay a fine? Q: What is the probable relationship between the man and the woman? A. Policeman and driver. B. Policeman and thief. C. Teacher and pupil. D. Director and actress. 从signal, stop, pay a fine可以看出，说话者之间的关系为警察和司机的关系。答案为A。 (2) 利用话题和主题知识把握全文： 文章的主题一般出现在文章的首句，在听时一定要注意首句的理解，然后根据首句推测文章可能会包括的内容，在听的过程注意用来说明主题的信息，进行前后的连贯思索，就可以轻松地理解全文。事实上听力中也有对文章主题的考查。如： There are many reasons why family life in Britain has changed so much in the last 50 years. The liberation of women in the early part of 20th century and social and economic effects of the World War Two had a great impact on the traditional family life. Women became essential to industry and professions. During the war, they had worked in factories and proved their worth. Now with the loss of millions of man their service was indispensable to the nation. More recently great advances in scientific knowledge, and particularly in medicine have had enormous social consequences. Children are better cared for and are far healthier. Infant death rate was low. Above all, parents now can plan the size of their family if they wish to more effective means of birth control. Different attitudes to religion, authority and tradition generally have also contributed to changes in family life. But these developments have effected all aspects of society. It is particularly interesting to know that the concept of the family as a social unit has survived all these changes. Q: What is the passage mainly about? A. The liberation movement of British woman. B. Rapid economic development in Britain. C. Changing attitudes to family life. D. Reasons for changes in family life in Britain. 通过对短文首句的理解，可以判断答案是D。 3、策略知识 除具备以上知识以外，为了保证听力的质量，同学们，还必须了解一些策略知识，包括听力策略和听力应试策略。 1） 听力策略 听力策略是听力质量的保证。一般情况下，同学们应掌握的听力策略有： （1）有目的地去听：听要有目的，是要了解大意还是具体的细节，什么细节，在听之前应该首先确定听的目的。 （2）听大意：听大意的方式与阅读中的览读技巧相同，要求同学们在听的时候将注意力集中在话题上，和要表达的主题上，抓主要的东西，而不是具体的细节。 （3）听具体信息：与"听大意"不同，该听力技巧要求同学们在听的时候只注意相关具体细节就可，如文中的具体任务，具体事件，事件发生的具体地点，时间，原因等。 （4）记笔记：在听的过程中，同学们有必要对重要信息做一下记录，以帮助对听力材料的记忆，也便于随后的推理和判断。 （5）预测：在听的过程中对下文进行预测是整体理解的保证，预测愈是准确，理解也愈是简单。