第二节阅读理解应试技巧 一、教学大纲对阅读能力的具体要求来源：www.examda.com (一) 理解主题和中心思想 ［分析］要求考生能够把握所读材料的中心论题或作者想要通过事实传达的观点。在测试中表现为主旨题。 （二） 辨认主题展开的重要细节 ［分析］要求考生能够识别支持主题的重要事实、例证。在测试中表现为情节题。来源：www.examda.com (三) 区分事实和看法 ［分析］要求考生能够区别文章中哪些是作者用于支持或反驳某种看法的客观事实、论据，哪些是作者个人的观点、看法，不能混为一谈。 （四） 进行推论 ［分析］这是难度较大的一种阅读技能，要求考生推测出文章中某一部分隐含的、没有直接陈述的含义。在测试中表现为推论题。 （五） 作结论 ［分析］要求考生根据作者陈述或议论的倾向性，得出合乎逻辑的结论。而所得出的结论应与文章事实暗示的逻辑相一致。它考的是综合概括能力，在测试中表现为结论题。 (六) 略读以获取阅读材料大意 ［分析］要求考生在阅读中能够使用快读这一技巧，通过浏览获得材料的主要意义。 （七） 快速查找特定信息 ［分析］这也是阅读当中提高效率的一种快速阅读技巧，要求考生能够“扫描”，找出与问题有关的事实、数据等。 (八) 猜测生词的词义 ［分析］要求能通过上下文的各种线索或构词法猜测某个词或短语在文章中合乎上下文的意义，而非词典中的任一义项。在测试中表现为“语义题”。 (九) 理解句内关系 ［分析］这是把握语篇水平阅读的最重要的技能。它不仅要求考生能够理解单句的意义，而且要能够将句与句联系起来，理解句际的意义关系和逻辑关系，分清段落中意义的层次。句际的关系具体表现为：因果关系、转折关系、递进关系、并列关系、比较和对照关系，以及定义概括与分类、举例说明关系等。 (十) 利用参阅技能 ［分析］要求能在阅读中利用大、小标题，印刷格式、符号、注释、图表、目录等。 二、阅读策略 阅读的方式多种多样，根据阅读目的和阅读材料的不同，读者应采用不同的读法。它可以是以一般的速度通篇看过每一句话的通读，也可以是出于学习目的仔细研读。但是，在实际的阅读活动中，尤其是在阅读测试中，我们不必要、也不可能只通过这两种阅读方式完成阅读任务。下面将要介绍的查阅和略读以及各种处理阅读中障碍的技巧就是阅读者必须掌握和应用的。 (一) 查读 查读是一种选择性的阅读。当我们需要寻找某个具体事实或信息时，我们不必通览全文，而只需直接查找出所需要的东西。正如我们翻词典查找某一词条一样。这种阅读技巧就是查读。查读的特点是带着问题去寻找答案，读者可以运用这种技巧迅速查找某个问题的出处，然后细读该部分。 (二) 略读 略读是另一种选择性阅读。它与通读不同的是跳过一些无关紧要的细节，而非一句不漏地读。略读与查阅也有所不同：查阅是查找某个具体的事实，而略读则是粗略地浏览全文，略去枝节，抓住文章的主干和大意。在解答涉及文章主旨的整体性问题时，读者可运用这一技巧。 (三) 猜词 在阅读中，我们不可避免地会遇到一些生词，有时，我们可以查词典，但在许多情况下，我们可以通过上下文来猜测出生词的意义。在阅读测试中，我们则只能通过猜测来解决。猜词的线索有以下几种： 线索之一：定义、重述、举例。 有时，作者觉得某个词对读者来说不太熟悉，或为了使某个概念更加明确、具体，往往会用定义、重述、举例的方式紧接着做出某种解释。 ［例１］Stereotype, the pictures we carry in our heads, can lead to discrimination and prejudice. (定义)来源：www.examda.com ［例２］If spelling becomes the only focal point of his teachers interest, clearly a bright child will be likely to “play safe”. He will tend to write only words within his spelling range, choosing to avoid adventurous language. (重述) ［例3］The disparity between poverty and wealth can be seen in some of the major capitals of the world today, including Washington, where slums sit just blocks away from neighborhoods of expensive townhouses. (举例) 在许多情况下，作者以更为明确的语言信号表明他是在定义、重述或举例，如“refer to, that is, for example”等词。有了这些信号词，读者就能更容易地识别这类词汇线索。 线索之二：通过上下文相关信息猜词。 在更多的情况下，读者必须综合生词上下文有关的信息来揣测该生词的含义。请看下面的例子： ［例１］Living at home, says Knighton, a school teacher, continues to give her security and moral support. Her mother agreed, “Its ridiculous for the kids to pay all that money for rent. It makes sense for kids to stay at home.” But sharing the family home requires adjustments for all. There are the hassles over bathrooms, telephones and privacy. Some families, however,manage the delicate balancing act. “hassles”在这里是个不熟悉的词， 但通过上下文已知信息“孩子们都住在家里需要互相调适”以及后面的转折语义，可猜出该生词意为“争吵”之意。 ［例2］Suppose you had awakened this morning totally unable to remember anything — all your other faculties working properly, but memory entirely gone. 即使你不认识“faculties”这个词，但根据上文“假设你早晨醒来什么都不记得了”，下文“你记忆完全消失”可推测出这里的“faculties”应指的是与“记忆”能力并列的人的其他“感官能力”。 线索之三：通过对照反比关系猜词。 ［例１］Survival rates have increased, while the need for deforming surgery has been minimized. ［例2］It is well known that when an individual joins a group he tends to accept the groups standards of behavior and thinking.... It would be a mistake to think that only particularly docile people are chosen to take part in experiment of this type. Usually highly independent people are used and this, of course, makes the results even more disturbing. 通过阅读，读者可以发现例①、②中划线的生词分别与上文和下文中的斜体词和词组在语义上呈反义和对照关系。例①中，与increase相对，minimize应理解为“减少”。同样，例②中生词docile与下文independent相对，可猜出docile的意思可能是“不独立的，顺从的”。 线索之四：通过常识经验猜词。 ［例１］He failed to clear the height of 2 meters in the high jump competition.来源：www.examda.com ［例2］The taxi driver opened the trunk and put the passengers large suitcase in it. 凭常识可猜出上例中：“clear”和“trunk”分别意为“跃过”和“行李箱”。 线索之五：通过词的前缀、后缀和词根猜词。 除了根据上下文的信息线索猜测生词词义之外，我们还可以通过词汇本身的一些“线索”猜测词义。这个“线索”就是构词法。通过了解一些英语构词的规律，掌握常用的前缀、后缀对阅读中猜测生词的词义大有帮助。 例如：前缀co表示“together”之义，进而我们可猜测coexist和cooperate分别为“共存”，“合作”之义，词根cred为“believe”之义，进而我们可猜出“incredible”为“难以置信”之义。 (四) 预测 (1) 识别信号词，预测下文 阅读的过程其实就是追寻作者的思路、理解文章内容的过程。只有抓住了作者的思路，理解文章上下文及各个部分的关系，才能对文章有正确和准确的理解。信号词就是表明作者思路的发展、延伸的一些连词及起连词作用的词或词组。利用信号词，我们可以预测下文可能出现的大致内容及倾向，并证实我们对已读过的上文的理解。同时，信号词还可以帮助我们识别哪些是新的重要的信息，哪些是次要的信息；从而决定哪些内容该细读，哪些可匆匆扫过。因此，掌握和识别这类信号词可提高我们的阅读速度和理解能力。例如： The cause of the decline of North Africa is popularly attributed to climatic changes, the theory being that the area became hotter and drier and the people were forced to abandon a thriving civilization. However, some geologists, after carefully weighing the evidence, have challenged the conclusion that the climate has changed in any important way since Roman times. Although climatological factors may also have contributed, it was man who destroyed the balance of nature responsible for maintaining soil fertility and moisture. 上文开头第一句说许多人把北非衰落的原因归咎于气候的变化，认为变得干燥、炎热的气候迫使人们放弃了正处于文明兴旺的这一地区。接着，作者用了一个“However”，这一信号词预示着下文意义将有转折，即可能有人持不同的意见。紧读下面一句，读者的预测得到证实，即并非气候变化使然，因为那里的气候并未发生过重大变化。后面出现“Although”这一信号词，表明将在态度和意义上做出“让步”并亮出观点或结论。通过识别这两个信号词，我们可以准确地把握文章的思路，分清和理顺句子间的逻辑关系，更好地理解全篇的内容。 信号词可分为以下几类： 表示下文与前文类似 similarly in the same wayonce again 表示将有转折和相反的情况 but whereas however even so thoughalthough neverthelessunlike yet nonetheless stillin spite of this on the other handfor all that on the contrary contrary to in contrast 表示举例或说明 for examplefor instance similarly specifically in generalin particular that is 表示时间关系 aftersoonwhen beforeafterwardat last meanwhileby that timeshortly after after thatearlierlater whilefrom then onthen 表示原因与结果的关系 as a resultsoand that is why consequentlysincebecause in consequencethusaccordingly thereforefor this reasonas 表示递进、附加 furthermoreagainin fact moreoverbesidesin addition and indeedwhats more 表示预期的发展 to be suresurelyof course naturally 表示对上文的强化 indeedin factas a matter of fact 表示总结和结论来源：www.examda.com in a wordin conclusionfinally in shortin briefall in all in summary 表示次序 first, second etc.finally (2) 利用语言信号进行预测 在许多情况下，思路的延展并不借助于具体的“信号词”，而是通过句子本身的含义来预示的。这就要求我们在阅读过程中思维更加积极主动，识别句子内涵所透露出来的信号，预测文章思路的走向。例： Many mammals live through the winter by hibernating(冬眠). There is a nice problem of definition here.(由此可预期下文将涉及冬眠的定义) Most experts now agree that a mammal can be said to hibernate only if body temperature 0drops greatly and its whole metabolism — including respiration and heart rate — is much reduced. 三、实考对策 (一) 阅读文章模式分析及阅读策略 Argumentation(论说文类) 模式之一：驳论 a 介绍一种对某一问题的流行看法 b 提出疑问或直接表明不同观点 c 用事实、细节说明，支持自己的论点 Not content with its doubtful claim to produce cheap food for our own population, the factory farming industry also argues that “hungry nations are benefiting from advances made by the poultry(家禽) industry”， in fact, rather than helping the fight against malnutrition(营养不良) in “hungry nations”, the spread of factory farming has, inevitably aggravated the problem. Large scale intensive meat and poultry production is a waste of food resources. This is because more protein has to be fed to animals in the form of vegetable matter than can ever be recovered in the form of meat. Much of the food value is lost in the animals process of digestion and cell replacement. Neither, in the case of chicken, can one eat feathers, blood, feet or head. In all, only about 44% of the live animal fits to be eaten as meat. This means one has to feed approximately 9-10 times as much food value to the animal than one can consume from the carcass. As a system for feeding the hungry, the effects can prove disastrous. At times of crisis grain is the food of life. Nevertheless, the huge increase in poultry production throughout Asia and Africa continues. Normally British or US firms are involved. For instance, an American based multinational company has this year announced its involvement in projects in several African countries. Britains largest suppliers chickens, Ross Breeders, are also involved in projects all over the world.来源：www.examda.com Because such trade is good for exports, Western governments encourge it. In 1979, a firm in Bangladesh called Phoenix Poultry received a grant to set up a unit of 6,000 chickens and 18,000 laying hens. This almost doubled the number of poultry kept in the country all at once. But Bangladesh lacks capital, energy and food and has large numbers of unemployed. Such chickenraising demands capital for building and machinery, extensive use of energy resources for automation, and involves feeding chickens with potential faminerelief protein food. At present, one of Bangladeshs main imports is food grains, because the country is unable to grow enough food to feed its population. On what then can they possibly feed the chicken? 本篇谈论的是有关家禽的工厂化养殖问题。首先，作者引出从事家禽工厂化养殖的人对家禽养殖业的态度，认为“食品紧张的国家从家禽养殖业的进步上获益甚多”。接着作者对此观点提出了反驳，认为“工厂化养殖加剧了食品紧张的国家的营养不足问题”。然后，作者以论据证明其理由。 模式之二：立论(正面论证) a． 引入一种观点 b． 用事实或他人的意见证实 Now custom has not been commonly regarded as a subject of any great importance. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking is behavior at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way around. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behavior more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of firstrate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief and the very great varieties it may manifest. No man ever looks at the world with pristine(未受外界影响的)eyes. He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking. Even in his philosophical probings he cannot go behind these stereotypes(固定的模式)； his very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference to his particular traditional customs. John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the individual as over against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue over against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the language of his family. When one seriously studies social orders that have had the opportunity to develop independently, the figure(比喻)becomes no more than an exact and matteroffact observation. The life history of the individual is first and foremost an adjustment to the patterns and standards traditionally handed down in his community. From the moment of his birth the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behavior. By the time he can talk, he is the little creature of his culture, and by the time he is grown and able to take part in its activities, its habits are his habits, its beliefs his beliefs, its impossibilities his impossibilities. 本篇谈论风俗研究的重要性。首先作者介绍了目前流行的一般观点，认为风俗研究不重要。而作者观点正好相反，风俗在人们的经验及信仰中起着重要的作用。然后，作者对其观点作了论证。