第五节六级作文应试指导 六级考试作文部分要求考生在30分钟之内写出一篇不少于120词的短文(四级为100词)。从近几年实考看，四、六级均采用同样的作文题，题型多为提纲式作文。即给出一个英文标题下面用汉语给出三段(或两段)的提纲，即要求写的中心内容。来源：www.examda.com 六级考试作文评分原则和评分标准 (一) 评分原则 １． CET是检查考生是否达到大学英语教学大纲规定的四级和六级教学要求，对作文的评判应以此要求为准则。 ２． CET作文题采用总体评分(Global Scoring)方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分，而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。 ３． 从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而适切地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。 ４． 避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，包括满分；该低分的给低分，包括0分。一名阅卷人员在所评的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。 （二) 评分标准 1 本题满分为15分。 2 阅卷标准共五等：2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。各有标准样卷一至二份。 3 阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数(如8分)相似，即定为该分数(即8分)；若认为稍优劣于该分数，则可加1分(即9分)或减1分(即7分)。但不得加或减半分。 4 评分标准： 2分——条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。来源：www.examda.com 5分——基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。 8分——基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重的错误。 11分——切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。 14分——切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺。连贯性较好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。［注：白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给0分］ 5 字数不足的应酌情扣分：累计字数CET4〖〗CET6扣分99~99〖〗110~119〖〗180~89〖〗100~109〖〗270~79〖〗90~99〖〗360~69〖〗80~89〖〗550~59〖〗70~79〖〗7＜49〖〗＜69〖〗9［注：1如题目中给出主题句，起始句，结束句，均不得计入所写字数。 2只写一段者：0～4分；只写两段者： 0～9分。(指规定三段的作文)］6为了便于阅卷人员掌握评分标准。现将各档作文分相当于百分制的得分，列表如下，称分率。其中9分的得分率为60(相当于百分制的60分)。作文分〖〗15〖〗14〖〗13〖〗12〖〗11〖〗10〖〗9〖〗8〖〗7〖〗6〖〗5〖〗4〖〗3〖〗2〖〗1得分率〖〗１００〖〗94〖〗87〖〗80〖〗74〖〗67〖〗60〖〗54〖〗47〖〗40〖〗34〖〗27〖〗20〖〗14〖〗7(三) 关于作文最低分的有关规定 1 作文分最低分定为6分。 2 考生作文分为0分时，若总分高于60分，一律按59分报道；若总分低于60分，则按“总分-6分”报道。 3 考生作文分大于0分，小于6分时，则按下列公式报道成绩： 最后报道分=原计算总分-6分 实得作文分。 应试技巧 （一） 审题与构思 拿到一篇作文题后，应先审题。首先要读懂大标题，看看要写的话题是什么。若对标题中某个词不甚理解，可参照一下汉语提纲，往往能够迎刃而解。从实考评卷看，考生因词汇掌握不够，不理解标题中的某个词，造成偏离题目的情况时有发生。其实只要细心点，这种情况就不会发生。看清标题之后，要看一下所列提纲，弄清各段应写的内容，以及各段落间的关系。接着，在头脑里构思一下每段要写哪几点(句)，段落之间如何过渡等。来源：www.examda.com （二） 开端 文章的开端很重要，俗话说“万事开头难”，一个好的起始句往往能够打开思路。由于四、六级作文多为议论文和说明文，且为短文，“开门见山”直入话题为使用最多开篇方式。(有关这一点，请参阅四、六级作文实用套语部分)，然而，这并不意味着总是用一种单调的方式开头。“开门见山”也有多种不同的手法。例如，我们可以用问句开头，如1997年6月作文题为：“My view on jobhopping”(我对跳槽的看法)，某考生是这样开头的：“You resigned again! Whats your new job?”然后接着写“Jobhopping has become a hot topic among people,especially the young...”这就是个有点新意的开头，与大多数考生不一样。再如，我们还可以引述名言或谚语开头。比如，同样是上述这篇作文题，我们可以这样开头： There is an old saying: A rolling stone gathers no mosses.(滚石不生苔，转业不生财) It means you cant achieve anything if you have no patience. But nowadays, many people are keen on jobhopping...读到这样一个不同凡响的开头，这篇作文已给评卷者一个很好的印象。当然，除了“开门见山”式的开头外，我们也可以用其他方法开头。比如，我们可以用一个具体事例开头或描述一个场景开头。如1998年6月作文题：Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Luck?大多数考生都是把第一段的汉语提纲“有人认为幸运数字能带来好运”这句话翻译了一下作为开端，而有考生是这样写的：My friend Sam was very excited yesterday, because he got a “lucky number” for his telephone, which is 8011668. 这也是个比较生动的开头。总之文无定法，文章的开头可以有多种多样的变化，考生应根据题目内容的不同选择合适的开头方式。 （三） 展开 有了一个良好的开头，接着就要按照既定的构思框架，围绕提纲规定的要点，展开段落。一般来说，每段的提纲就像一个主题句，考生需做的就是把这一概括性的“主题句”的意思加以发挥，将其具体化，或加以说明阐释。四、六级考试的作文是短文，不需要长篇大论。所以考生要要言不烦，抓住要点，想好每段要写的几个句子。一般来说，每段只需写4～5句即可达到所要求的字数。有些考生以为写得长就是好，盲目追求字数，结果句子虽写了不少，但语言质量差，甚至词不达意。一篇作文能不能获得较高的评分，主要在于文章句子的语言质量，字数的多少并不成为评分时的主要关注点。依实考评卷的经验看，除非考生作文字数明显太少，一般很少因为字数而扣分。所以不要为凑够字数而匆匆忙忙。正确的策略应该是考虑几句切中要点的句子，把它们写好，写正确。 （四） 遣词造句 考生在写作时，要根据构思，认真考虑写好每一个句子。这是清楚表达的关键而要写好句子就要用正确、恰当的词汇和合适的句型结构来表达。四、六级作文考的是运用语言的能力，评分从语言和内容两方面着眼，而在实际操作中更加偏重于从语言质量角度评判高下。因此，考生在遣词造句时应注意以下几点：(1) 要尽量选用自己熟悉，有把握的词语来表达，避免词不达意，减少出错的频率。如果表达时出现某个词汇不会或想不起来，不如换一种说法，不要“硬译”。(2) 要注意表达的多样性(variety)，具体而言，就是指用词要丰富些，在句型、句式上要有所变化，尝试使用不同的句子结构。比如，使用一些复合句、并列句、疑问句等使文章更加紧凑、富于变。另外，选用恰当的短语，词组可为文章增加亮点。 （五） 复查与修改 这是写作考试时一个必要步骤，但往往又容易被匆忙的考生忽略。在考作文时，考生应留出3至4分钟用于复查、修改。方法是阅读一遍所写的文章，看看有无语法方面的错误，一些匆匆忙忙中易出的错误，如主谓在人称数上不一致，时态错误等明显的错误，都可以通过复查发现并得以修改。来源：www.examda.com 六级作文写作实用套路套语例解 大家都知道，要想写好作文，提高写作水平，关键在于打好语言基础，平时多写多练多积累，决非一朝之功。但如果我们了解历年作文考题在题材(subject matter)、文体方面的出题模式，积累一些应试的写作套路套语，就能够在相对短的时间内收到良好的效果。下面我们在分析历年作文考题的基础上，归纳出几种典型的出题模式，然后提供一些写作套路以供参考。 （一） 典型出题模式及应试套路 模式之一：1有人认为… 2有人认为(不同式相反的观点) 3我的观点 这是六级考试多次出现的作文模式之一，属议论文。这种类型的作文题要求考生先陈述一些人对某种问题、现象的看法，然后陈述另一些人对此的不同看法。最后一段要求作者发表观点或评述。如1999年6月作文题： Reading Selectively or Extensively? 1有人认为读书要有选择 2有人认为应当博览群书 3我的看法 由于这类作文思维框架相同，我们可以利用以下几个套路来构筑这种作文模式的文章骨架。 参考套路① Different people have different opinions as to ... Some people think... , while some other people argue that... As far as Im concerned, I agree with the latter to some extent, ... A case in point is ... 参考套路② When asked the question “×××?” different people have different answers. Some / Quite a few people think that... Some others are of the opinion / maintain that... To their mind,... Which opinion (view) is right (reasonable)? (I think its not a matter of right or wrong), but Im inclined to accept the second view. My reasons are as follows. First of all,... Secoud,... 参考套路③ Some people believe that... because... But some others hold/maintain that... They think... In my opinion, I prefer / Im in favor of the latter... 模式之二：1某事某物的好处/优点 2某事某物的副作用/带来的问题 3如何处理/看待 这也是六级作文题常用的模式。先谈某事物或现象的益处，然后要求写其不足之处或负面影响，最后谈谈怎样处理或对待这一问题，或者谈自己的看法、体会。如1996年1月作文题： The Twoday Weekend 1双休日给大学生带来的好处 2双休日可能给大学生带来的问题 3我应当怎样过好双休日 参考套路： ...(引入话题)×××benefits us in many respects. First, ... Second, ... Third ... While ××× has so many advantages, we can not ignore the problems it brings us. For example... How to solve the problem? / What is the correct attitude towards ×××? （二） 六级作文实用套语 (1)表示列举他人的观点、看法： ● Some people think (say, believe) that ..., while some others argue that ... ● Some people think that ... . However, some others hold the opposite view / a different opinion. ● With regard to the question / topic, different people have different answers / opinions. Some think that.... Some others maintain / are of the opinion that... ● Contrary to the above view, some others insist that... ● Nevertheless, there are some people who disagree(dont agree) with the view. ● There are much controversy on this phenomenon.来源：www.examda.com (2) 表示发表自己的观点(赞成，不赞成，怀疑): ● Which opinion is right / more reasonable? Im inclined to accept the latter/the second view. ● My opinion is that there is something in both of the views. ● I think both of the above opinions are too radical / go to the extremes and therefore are incomplete. ● It is true that..., but... ● To my mind, both of the opinions are right in a certain sense. ● As far as Im concerned,I prefer the former/the latter. ● Im in favor of the latter. ● My opinion is similar to the latter/my view is in agreement with the latter. ● In my opinion, both of the above views are only partly right. ● With regard to the question, I think a correct attitude is (that)... ● To my mind, whether... or not depend on our attitude towards the matter and how we deal with it. ● In my opinion, whether it is good or bad depends on how we look at it. (3) 表示引入要讨论的问题、现象: ● Recently, a hot topic people are talking about is... / there is a heated discussion on/ about/ whether... ● Nowadays, a social/common phenomenon that you can find everywhere is ... ● Nowadays, more and more people are concerned about... ● When asked the question “what/how...?” people have various answers. ● It is generally believed that... ● With the development of national economy... ● With the progress of science and technology... ● With the quickening pace of modern life... ● With peoples living standards rising, more and more people... ● There is a prevalent belief among people that... ● Nowadays, there is a widespread view that... ● Recently there has sprung up a heated discussion as to whether... ● In our daily life, we often hear /see /come across... ● ... is a common phenomenon in our daily life. (4) 表示陈述原因: ● There are several /various reasons for this (phenomenon). ● The reasons for this are as follows. ● Several factors are responsible for the phenomenon. ● There are several reasons why... ● Their opinion is based on the fact that... / the following facts... ● It is due to several factors. ● ..., for they think that... ● Those who are in favor of the ... believe that... ● The main /direct reason (for this) is that... ● These / The following are my reasons for my choice.来源：www.examda.com (5) 表示好处、坏处、利弊、优缺点： ● It benefits us in many ways / respects. ● The advantages /disadvantages of ... are obvious. ● It contributes to ... ● Doing sth. is beneficial to ... ● It does harm / good to ... ● While ... has so many advantages, we should not ignore the problems it brings us. ● The negative aspect / effect is that ... ● Although ..., we should also take the negative effects into account / consideration. ● Just as a coin has two sides, everything has its advantages and disadvantages. (6) 表示措施、办法怎样做打算： ● We should take effective / drastic measures to stop / prevent / protect ... ● Faced with such a situation, what shall we do? ● What should we do to solve the problem? ● Perhaps the best choice is the combination of the two... ● The solution to this problem is to / that... ● There are several ways to cope with the problem. ● The government should make strict regulations / laws to ban such practice / to stop this phenomenon from spreading. ● We should take immediate action to ... ● Its urgent for us to do something about this. ● We should spare no effort /try every means to ... (7) 表示重要、必要: ● It is indispensable to our life. ● Its an indispensable part of ... ● It plays an important part. ● ××× is of vital importance. ● The important thing is that we should pay more attention to ... ● Its important /necessary /urgent for us to ... (8)表示结论、总结： ● From the above analysis, we can see that... / we come to the conclusion that... ● Only in this way can we... ● Only when we... can we... (三) 六级作文常用连词及起连接作用的词语 (1) 并列：and, as well as, and ... as well, or (2) 递进，附加： besides, whats more, moreover, furthermore, in addition, also (3) 因果： because, because of, for, as, since, now that, thus, therefore, so, as a result (4) 转折：but, however, nevertheless, though, on the contrary, on the other hand (5) 总结，结论： in conclusion, in a word, in brief, all in all (6) 列举，举例：first, second, third, first of all, in the first place, in the next place, on one hand, on the other hand, for example, for instance, a case in point, take... for example (一) 四、六级阅读文章模式分析及阅读策略 四、六级考试阅读理解篇章在选材上多论说文和说明文，通过对历年四、六级文章的分析，我们归纳出一些出现频率高的行文模式，熟悉这些典型模式，对考生的阅读理解大有帮助。 Argumentation(论说文类) 模式一：驳论：a 介绍一种对某一问题的流行看法 b 提出疑问或直接表明不同观点 c 用事实、细节说明，支持自己的论点 Not content with its doubtful claim to produce cheap food for our own population, the factory farming industry also argues that “hungry nations are benefiting from advances made by the poultry(家禽) industry” in fact, rather than helping the fight against malnutrition(营养不良) in “hungry nations,” the spread of factory farming has, inevitably aggravated the problem. Large scale intensive meat and poultry production is a waste of food resources. This is because more protein has to be fed to animals in the form of vegetable matter than can ever be recovered in the form of meat. Much of the food value is lost in the animals process of digestion and cell replacement. Neither, in the case of chicken, can one eat feathers, blood, feet or head. In all, only about 44% of the live animal fits to be eaten as meat. This means one has to feed approximately 910 times as much food value to the animal than one can consume from the carcass, As a system for feeding the hungry, the effects can prove disastrous. At times of crisis grain is the food of life. Nevertheless, the huge increase in poultry production throughout Asia and Africa continues. Normally British or US firms are involved. For instance, an American based multinational company has this year announced its involvement in projects in several African countries. Britains largest suppliers chickens, Ross Breeders, are also involved in projects all over the world. Because such trade is good for exports, Western governments encourge it. In 1979, a firm in Bangladesh called Phoenix Poultry received a grant to set up a unit of 6,000 chickens and 18,000 laying hens. This almost doubled the number of poultry kept in the country all at once. But Bangladesh lacks capital, energy and food and has large numbers of unemployed. Such chickenraising demands capital for building and machinery, extensive use of energy resources for automation, and involves feeding chickens with potential faminerelief protein food. At present, one of Bangladeshs main imports is food grains, because the country is unable to grow enough food to feed its population. On what then can they possibly feed the chicken? 本篇谈论的是有关家禽的工厂化养殖问题。首先，作者引出从事家禽工厂化养殖的人对家禽养殖业的态度，认为“食品紧张的国家从家禽养殖业的进步上获益甚多。”接着作者，对此观点提出了反驳，认为“工厂化养殖加剧了食品紧张的国家的营养不足问题。”然后，作者以论据证明其理由。 模式之二：立论(正面论证)a． 引入一种观点 b． 用事实或他人的意见证实。 Now custom has not been commonly regarded as a subject of any great importance. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation. but custom. we have a way of thinking. is behavior at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact. It is the other way around. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behavior more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of firstrate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief and the very great varieties it may manifest. No man ever looks at the world with pristine(未受外界影响的)eyes. He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking. Even in his philosophical probings he cannot go behind these stereotypes(固定的模式)； his very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference to his particular traditional customs. John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the individual as over against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue over against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the language of his family. When one seriously studies social orders that have had the opportunity to develop independently, the figure(这种比喻)becomes no more than an exact and matteroffact observation. The life history of the individual is first and foremost an adjustment to the patterns and standards traditionally handed down in his community. From the moment of his birth the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behavior. By the time he can talk, he is the little creature of his culture, and by the time he is grown and able to take part in its activities, its habits are his habits, its beliefs his beliefs. its impossibilities his impossibilities. 本篇谈论风俗研究的重要性。首先作者介绍了目前流行的一般观点，认为风俗研究不重要。而作者认为正好相反，风俗在人们的经验及信仰中起着重要的作用。然后，作者对其观点作了论证。 应试技巧 阅读该类型文章的注意要点： ① 所引述的流行观点或他人的观点是什么? ② 作者是赞成还是反对?抑或是肯定一部分，否定一部分?来源：www.examda.com ③ 作者用什么来证明自己的观点，或用什么来反驳他人的观点(事实、实例、专家的观点等)。 说明文类(Exposition) 模式之一：a 介绍事物或自然现象 b 说明其发生、发展过程 There are desert plants which survive the dry season in the form of inactive seeds. There are also desert insects which survive as inactive larvae(幼虫). In addition, difficult as it is to believe, there are desert fish which can survive through years of drought(干旱) in the form of inactive eggs. These are the shrimps(小虾) that live in the Mojave Desert, an intensely dry region in the southwest of the United States where shade temperatures of over 50℃ are often recorded. The eggs of the Mojave shrimps are the size and have the appearance of grains of sand. When sufficient spring rain falls to form a lake. once every two to five years, these eggs hatch(孵化). Then the water is soon filled with millions of tiny shrimps about a millimetre long which feed on tiny plant and animal organisms which also grow in the temporary desert lake. Within a week, the shrimps grow from their original 1 millimetre to a length of about 15 centimetres. Throughout the time that the shrimps are rapidly maturing, the water in the lake equally rapidly evaporates. Therefore, for the shrimps it is a race against time. By the twelfth day, however, when they are about 3 centimetre long, hundreds of tiny eggs form on the underbodies of the females, Usually by this time, all that remains of the lake is a large, muddy patch of wet soil, On the thirteenth day and the next, during the final hours of their brief lives, the shrimps lay their eggs in the mud, Then, having ensured that their species will survive, the shrimps die as the last of the water evaporates. If sufficient rain falls the next year to form another lake, the eggs hatch, and once again the shrimps pass rapidly through their cycle of growth, adulthood, egglaying, and death. Some years there is insufficient rain to form a lake. in this case, the eggs will remain dormant for another year, or even longer if necessary. Very, very occasionally, perhaps twice in a hundred years, sufficient rain falls to form a deep lake that lasts a month or more. In this case, the species passes through two cycles of growth, egglaying, and death. Thus, on such occasions, the species multiplies considerably, which further ensures its survival. 本文为典型的说明文体。文章首先从沙漠植物谈起，引入要说明的事物“沙漠虾”。然后谈了虾卵的孵化，虾的独特生长过程以雨量充足与不足时的情况。 模式之二：a 介绍某种社会现象 b探述其原因或者其各个方面的问题 “There is a senseless notion that children grow up and leave home when theyre 18, and the truth is far from that,” says sociologist Larry Bumpass of the University of Wisconsin. Today, unexpected numbers of young adults are living with their parents. “There is a major shift in the middle class,” declares sociologist Allan Schnaiberg of Northwestern University, whose son, 19, moved back in after an absence of eight months. Analysts cite a variety of reasons for this return to the nest. The marriage age is rising, a condition that makes home and its pleasantness particularly attractive to young people. A high divorce rate and a declining remarriage rate are sending economically pressed and emotionally hurt survivors back to parental shelters. For some, the expense of an awayfromhome college education has become so excessively great that many students now attend local schools. Even after graduation, young people find their wings clipped by skyrocketing housing costs. Living at home, says Knighton, a school teacher, continues to give her security and moral support. Her mother agreed, “Its ridiculous for the kids to pay all that money for rent, It makes sense for kids to stay at home.” But sharing the family home requires adjustments for all. There are the hassles over bathrooms, telephones and privacy(不受干扰的生活). Some families, however, manage the delicate balancing act. But for others, it proves too difficult. Michelle Del Turco, 24, has been home three times — and left three times. “What I considered a social drink, my dad considered an alcohol problem,” she explains. “He never liked anyone I dated(约会), so I either had to hide away or meet them at friends houses.” Just how long should adult children live with their parents before moving on? Most psychologists feel lengthy homecomings are a mistake. Children, struggling to establish separate identities, can end up with“a sense of inadequacy, defeat and failure.” And aging parents, who should be enjoying some financial and personal freedom, find themselves stuck with responsibilities. Many agree that brief visits, however, can work beneficially. 文章开头引用两位专家的话指出“回巢”现象。接着，在第二段探讨了这一现象的原因。在第三段，作者引用了教师的话谈了“回巢”这一现象的利弊。最后一段为结论。 应试技巧 阅读上述说明文体的两种模式文体时应注意：这类文章的写作方式重在presentation, 即呈现某种现象，状况，陈述与其相关的诸方面。所以在阅读中要着重把握。①谈论的对象是什么?②阐述该“对象”哪几个方面的问题?目录 第一章大学英语教学大纲透视() 第一节最新大学英语教学大纲要览（） 第二节新旧大纲对比分析（） 第二章大学英语六级考试概述() 第一节传统题型及考试结构() 第二节新题型() 第三节含新题型的试卷结构排列组合() 第三章大学英语六级考试必备词汇() 第四章大学英语六级考试听力指导() 第一节对话题型分析及应试技巧() 第二节短文题型的应试技巧() 第三节复合式听写() 一、实考题及评分标准() 二、复合式听写应试指导() 第四节听写填空()来源：www.examda.com 一、听写填空与复合或听写比较() 二、听写填空应试指导() 第五章六级考试阅读指导() 第一节教学大纲对阅读能力的具体要求() 第二节如何提高阅读理解能力() 第三节阅读理解题型分析及解题技巧() 第四节阅读理解选择题的设计及解题思路() 第五节四、六级阅读文章模式分析及阅读策略() 第六章词汇、改错、完形填空应试指导() 第一节词汇() 一、词汇题的命题思路及侧重点() 第二节综合改错() 一、词汇语法类错误() 二、逻辑错误() 三、综合改错应试指导() 第三节完形填空() 第七章简答题、英译汉() 第一节简答题() 一、简答题问题类型() 二、应试指导() 三、简答题实考题及评分标准() 第二节英译汉() 一、英译汉的命题特点() 二、英译汉实考题及评分标准() 三、英译汉应试指导() 第八章六级作文应试指导() 第一节评分原则及评分标准() 一、评分原则() 二、评分标准() 三、关于作文最低分的有关规定() 第二节四、六级考试作文应试指导() 第三节四、六级作文写作实用套路套语例解() 一、典型出题模式及应试套路() 二、六级作文实用套语() 三、六级作文常用连词及起连接作用的词语() 第四节历年作文题一览() (二)应用提高阶段 应用提高阶段的教学要求包括专门业英语(SubjectBased English,简称SBE)和高级英语(Advanced English,简称AE)两部分。学生在完成基础阶段的学习任务，达到四级或六级后，都必须修读专业英语。已达到六级要求且学有余力的学生，除修读专业英语外，还可以选修高级英语课程，以进一步提高英语应用能力。 1专业英语 1) 词汇 领会式掌握1000～1500本专业及与本专业有关的常用单词(其中复用式掌握的单词为300～500)，以及由这些词构成的常用词组(中学和基础阶段所掌握的单词和词组不包括在内)，并具有按照构词法识别生词的能力。 2) 阅读能力 能顺利阅读有关专业的原版教科书、参考书及其他参考资料，能掌握其中心大意，抓住主要事实和有关细节，阅读速度达到每分钟100～120词。对其中重要的论著和文献等材料能正确理解、抓住要点，并能对内容进行分析、推理、判断和综合概括，阅读速度达到每分钟70词。 3) 听的能力 能听懂与本专业有关、内容比较熟悉、语速为每分钟150～170词的英语讲课、会话、谈话、报道和讲座，能正确理解中心大意并抓住要点。 4) 说的能力 能用英语进行有关专业内容的一般性会话，经过准备，能就与本专业有关的问题进行讨论、作简短的报告，表达思想清楚，语音、语调基本正确。 5) 写的能力 能在阅读有关专业的书面材料时做笔记、写提纲、写论文摘要和论文简介等，能在半小时内写出150～180词的有关专业内容的短文或信函。文理基本通顺，表达意思清楚，无重大语言错误。 6) 译的能力 能借助词典将有关专业的英语文章译成汉语，理解正确，译文达意，译速为每小时350英语单词。能借助词典将内容熟悉的有关专业的汉语文字材料译成英语，译文达意，无重大语言错误，译速为每小时300～350汉字。 2高级英语 1) 词汇 领会式掌握6500单词(其中复用式掌握的单词为3300)，以及由这些词构成的常用词组(中学和基础阶段所掌握的单词包括在内，但不包括专业英语的词汇)，并具有按照构词法识别生词的能力。 2) 阅读能力 能顺利阅读语言难度较高、内容广泛、体裁多样的文章，掌握中心大意以及说明中心大意的事实和细节，领会作者的观点和态度，能就文章的内容进行预测、分析、推理、判断和综合概括，能分析篇章结构，阅读速度达到每分钟100词。能顺利查阅和使用工具书、参考书及其他参考资料。在阅读篇幅较长、难度略低、生词不超过总词数3%的材料时，能正确理解中心大意，抓住主要事实和有关细节，阅读速度达到每分钟150词。 3) 听的能力 能听懂题材熟悉、内容广泛、正常语速的英语讲话、广播、演讲等，掌握其中心大意，抓住要点和有关细节，领会讲话者的观点和态度，并能进行分析、推理、判断和综合概括。 4) 说的能力 能就各种熟悉的话题进行口头交际，能比较自如地表达思想，讲话比较流畅，语音基本正确、语调自然。 5) 写的能力 能在阅读难度与课文相仿的书面材料时做笔记、回答问题、写提纲和摘要，能在半小时内就一定的话题、提纲、表格或图示写出180～200词的短文，能写报告、评论、发言稿和日常应用文等，内容完整，文理通顺，表达思想清楚。 6) 译的能力 能借助词典将有一定难度的英语文章译成汉语，理解正确，译文达意、语言通顺，译速为每小时400英语单词。能借助词典将题材熟悉的汉语文章译成英语，内容完整，译文达意，语言通顺，译速为每小时350汉字。 四、教学安排 (一) 基础阶段 基础阶段的教学时数应不少于280学时，安排在第一至第四学期。每学期为一级，每级约70学时，每周应不低于4学时。课内外学习时数的比例应不低于1∶2。学生入学时经过分级测试，按实际水平编入相应级别学习。不同水平的学生应从不同的级别开始，一般学生从CEB1开始，至CEB4结束；从CEB2或CEB3开始的学生应学完CEB5或CEB6。基础阶段四个学期的英语课均为必修课。 每学期或每学年结束时可根据学生的学习成绩和实际语言能力进行适当调整，成绩优秀、学有余力的学生经高一级考试达到一定标准后可跳级。 (二) 应用提高阶段 1专业英语 专业英语为必修课，可安排在第五至第七学期，教学时数应不少于100学时，每周2学时。课内外学习时数的比例就不低于1∶2。在第八学期还可继续安排专业英语文献阅读、专业英语资料翻译、英文摘要写作等。专业英语课原则上由专业教师承担，外语系(部、教研室)可根据具体情况予以配合和协助。 2高级英语 高级英语为选修课，各校可根据实际情况，为达到六级的学有余力的学生开设高级英语课程，以全面提高他们的英语水平。可考虑开设的课程有：高级听说、高级写作、高级阅读、报刊选读、翻译技巧、英语口译、英美文学欣赏、英美文化等。 (三) 预备阶段 对低于本大纲入学要求的学生，另设预备级(College English Preparatory Band,简称CEPB)作为预备阶段的教学要求。预备级以掌握最基本的英语语音和语法，领会式掌握1200个英语单词(其中复用式掌握的单词为800)为起点。从预备级开始的学生经过四个学期的学习，应达到三级要求。他们在三年级时还应继续修读四级，达到基础阶段规定的基本要求，为进一步提高英语水平打好语言基础。 五、测试 (一) 测试是检查教学大纲执行情况、评估教学质量的一种有效手段，是获取教学反馈信息的主要来源和改时教学工作的重要依据。语言测试应重点考核学生的语言基础和语言应用能力。测试要做到科学、公平和规范。 (二) 基础阶段各级教学结束时均应安排考试，考试的命题应以所学课本内容为基本依据。基础阶段结束时，按本大纲的基本要求和较高要求组织考试。考试形式可以是学校自行命题考试、试题库测试和全国统一考试等。 (三) 应用提高阶段结束时，可在四年级举行一次毕业前的英语水平考试，按基础英语和专业英语两部分内容命题。各校可单独命题、组织考试，也可实行地区或校际联考。 六、教学中应注意的几个问题 (一) 重视打好语言基础，注意提高文化素养 大学英语教学必须把重点放在打好语言基础上。语言基础包括语言知识和语言应用能力，前者指语音、语法和词汇等方面的知识，后者指综合运用这些知识进行读、听、说、写、译等语言活动的能力。正确的语音语调、扎实的语法、一定的词汇量和熟练的词汇运用能力的提高有助于提高外语学习的效率，有利于提高语言应用能力。语言应用能力的提高也必将促进语言知识的加深和巩固。来源：www.examda.com 大学英语教学还应有助于学生开阔视野，扩大知识面，加深对世界的了解，借鉴和吸收外国文化精华，提高文化素养。文化和语言有着密切的联系，一定的文化背景知识有助于促进语言应用能力的提高。 (二) 坚持分类要求和因材施教的原则 由于全国各类高等院校在办学条件、师资力量、学生入学水平等方面存在着差异，即使同一学校的学生入学水平也不完全相同，因此要坚持分类要求，因材施教。各校应实事求是，根据学生的实际水平，参照本大纲列出的预备级、大学英语一至注六级、高级英语等各个级别确定自己的教学要求。对于已达到六级且学有余力的学生，各校应努力为他们开设高级英语课程，使他们进一步提高英语应用能力。英语入学水平低于本大纲规定的入学要求的学生，可从预备级开始，通过四个学期的学习达到三级要求，各校应根据实际情况，采取适当措施，使他们在三年级时继续修读四级，以达到基础阶段的基本要求。入学水平明显低于预备级入学要求的学生不列为本大纲的教学对象。 (三) 抓好高年级的专业英语教学，保证英语学习四年不断线 专业英语是大学英语教学的一个重要组成部分，是促进学生完成从学习过渡到实际应用的有效途径。各校均应在三、四年级开设专业英语课，要逐步建立起一支相对稳定的专业英语课教师队伍，成立由学校领导和专业英语教师组成的专业英语教学指导小组，统筹、协调、检查专业英语教学方面的工作。要提倡在高年级专业课教学中每学期至少有一两门课程使用英语教科书或参考书，鼓励专业教师用英语讲课；各校应根据实际情况，在三、四年级开设高级英语课程，帮助学有余力的学生继续提高英语应用能力；各校还可能采取其他措施，为学生课外自学创造条件，从而切实保证大学英语学习四年不断线。 (四) 正确处理阅读与听、说、写、译的关系 阅读是掌握语言知识、打好语言基础、获取信息的重要渠道。阅读能力是大部分大学生今后工作所需的主要语言技能。在大学英语教学中要始终注重阅读能力的培养。从语言学习的规律来看，英语应用能力的提高是建立在大量的语言输入，尤其是大量的阅读的基础之上的。但是，随着国际交往的日益扩大，全面提高大学生的听、说、写、译等技能已越来越重要。同时，英语应用能力是各种语言技能的综合反映，这些技能是相辅相成、互相促进的。在具体的教学过程中，读、听、说、写、译的训练可以根据学生的特点和需要有所侧重，但要做到协调发展。在培养读、听、说、写、译各项技能时，既要强调掌握和应用语言知识的准确性，又要注意应用语言时的流利程度和得体性。 (五) 结合实际确定教学方法 国内外出现的各种外语教学法无一不是特定环境下的产物。我们需要学习国外的先进经验和方法，但更需要总结我国长期以来所积累的行之有效的教学经验和方法，妥善处理好借鉴与继承的关系，立足于我国的国情和教学实际，探索出具有中国特色的大学英语教学的新路子。 教学法直接影响教学质量。教师应根据不同的教学对象、不同阶段的不同教学要求，采用灵活机动、切合实际的教学方法，从而使学生得到最大的收益。 外语学习归根结底是学生自身的学习。课堂是学生语言实践的重要场所。课堂教学不仅要扩大学生的语言知识，加强和提高学生的语言应用能力，还要帮助学生养成良好的学习习惯，培养自学能力。要让学生懂得外语课是一门实践课，要求学生主动参与，积极实践，不断积累，持之以恒。 (六) 重视教材在教学中的作用 教材是实现教学大纲确定的教学目标的重要保证。为了打好语言基础，培养语言应用能力，提高文化素养，教材应为课堂教学提供最佳的语言样本和有系统性、有针对性的语言实践活动的材料。教材应注意思想性、科学性、实用性和趣味性，要处理好知识性与可思性、系统性与灵活性、可接受性与前瞻性、语言典范和时代气息的关系。教师要充分利用教材所提供的语言材料组织好课堂教学和指导学生课外自学。 (七) 妥善处理测试和教学的关系 测试是贯彻执行教学大纲的重要保证。科学的测试结果可以为教学提供良好的反馈，帮助教师了解教学效果，改进教学方法提高教学质量；还可以帮助学生了解自己的学习情况，改进学习方法。因此，测试应以大纲要求和教学内容为基本依据。教学中，应注重学生实际语言应用能力的培养；测试中，要着重考核语言基础和语言应用能力，要采用一定比例的主观试题。务必防止应试教学倾向。 (八) 创造良好的语言环境，充分利用现代化的教学手段 开展丰富多彩的英语课外活动有利于提高学生学习英语的兴趣和积极性。因此，要积极优化校园英语学习环境，通过英语报刊、英语广播、英语角、英语演讲、英语竞赛等形式多样的课外活动，使学生有更多的接触英语的机会。 实践证明，现代化的教学手段，如录音、录像、电影、电视、网络以及多媒体课件的使用有助于提高大学英语教学质量，各校应采取积极措施大力推广、合理使用这些教学手段。 Compound Dictation Directions: In this section you will hear a passage three times. During the first reading, you should listen carefully for a general idea of the whole passage. Then listen to the passage again. When the first part of the passage is being read, you should fill in the missing word during the pause at each blank. After listening to the second part of the passage you are required to write down the main points according to what you have just heard. Finally, when the passage is read the third time you can check what you have written. On the Giving of Gifts When you wish to give someone a gift it is always good to some of the basic rules. the age and sex and the of your acquaintance as well as the . You should know when it is all to give a gift of money, and when it would be . In any case, when you a present, dont forget to send a thankyou note as soon ad you can. Often people like to take with them a gift for the hosts wife of a party they have been invited to.
Again, you may choose something for the hosts wife alone or for the entire family. Sometimes it is not possible to return a favour as you would like to.
Try to use imagination in choosing a thankyou gift. On the Giving of Gifts When you wish to give someone a gift it is always good to remember some of the basic rules. Consider the age and sex and the length of your acquaintance as well as the occasion. You should know when it is all right to give a gift of money, and when it would be improper. In any case, when you receive a present, dont forget to send a thankyou note as soon as your possibly can. Often people like to take with them a gift for the hosts wife of a party they have been invited to. This can be something just for the hosts wife, or something for the party, like sweets or fruits, things which all may enjoy. If you stay at a friends house overnight or for a weekend it is usual to take a gift showing appreciation for their friendiness and their kindness. Again, you may choose something for the hosts wife alone or for the entire family. Sometimes it is not possible to return a favour as you would like to. When this happens you may show your own thoughtfulness by giving a thankyou gift, especially if you can find something unusual. Weddings are times when gifts of money are greatly apprectiated and quite acceptable. You should never leave money when you have been a weekend guest. Try to use imagination in choosing a thankyou gift. “表达部分”学生应写的内容要点： 1Sweets and fruit are examples of the gift for the hostess or the party. 2 A weekend guest usually takes a gift to express his or her thanks. 3 Money is an acceptable gift for weddings. 4 It is considered improper for a weekend guest to give a gift of money. 第三节词汇、改错、完形填空题应试指导 一、 词汇 根据六级考试-大纲，该部分为Vocabulary and Structure,共30小题，其中词汇约18个左右，占60%；语法结构为12左右，占40%。但从1997年1月的六级考试开始，该部分已取消单纯考语法的试题，专考词汇，标题也变更为Vocabulary, 这也是六级考试的最新变化之一。这说明六级更加注重考生对词汇的掌握，为此，在学习和备考过程中，考生要加强对词汇的学习。 命题思路及侧重点 词汇题的设计不仅考察考生的词汇量，而且着重考查考生对词的用法的掌握，如同义词、近义词的辨义，词汇的搭配及惯用法等方面。从近年的试卷分析看，动词、形容词、名词、短语(尤其是动词短语)占题量的90%，副词1至2个左右。从命题思路看，词汇题侧重于以下几个方面： (一) 单纯辨认词义 1 When people are asked what kind of housing they need or want, the question a variety of answers. A) defiesB) magnifiesC) mediatesD)evokes 译文：当人们被问及需要或想要什么样的住房时，这个问题引起了各种各样的回答。四个选择项词义为“违抗”、“放大”、“调解”“引起”，词义互不相干。从句意看，只有D)evokes讲得通，为正确答案。 (二) 辨别同义词和近义词以及词语的搭配 与上面一组题不同的是，此类词汇题的四个选择项的单词意义基本相近，属同一语义范畴的词，选择的难度较大。来源：www.examda.com ［例1］ The lawyer made a great impression on the jury. A) defending B) guardingC) shieldingD) protecting 译文：辩护律师给陪审团留下了深刻的印象。 选择项的四个词义分别为“辩护”、“防卫”、“保卫”、“保护”，而其中只有A项有用言辞辩护、保护之意，且符合英文的惯用法。因此，在做这类题时，不仅要注意单词的细微差别，还要考虑相邻词连在一起是否符合英语的固定说法。 有些同义词选择项光靠辨清意义还是无法确定，这就需要考生平时扎实地掌握词汇的用法和搭配。如： ［例2］ His career was not noticeably by the fact that he had never been to college. A) preventedB) restrainedC) hinderedD) refrained 译文：他的事业并没明显地因为他从未上过大学而受到妨碍。 从词义上看，这几个词意义上都很相近，依次为“防止”，“阻止”，“阻碍”，“抑制、克制”。但prevent有“预防，停止”之意，与主语搭配意义不当。restrain和refrain都有“抑制、克制”之意，常与from搭配，而且后者是不及物动词，不能用被动式。只有hinder为“妨碍，使不能顺利进行”，意义、用法都正确。 ［例3］ The political future of the president is now hanging by a . A) threadB) cordC) stringD) rope 译文：总统的政治前途岌岌可危。 以上四个词均为“线、绳”之意，让人无所适从。但正确的说法只有一个，即“hang by a thread”。该短语为固定搭配的词组，这种题只有靠平时广泛的阅读和积累才能解答。 (三) 形或音有相似之处的易混词 有些词拼写形式相似，或发音有相似之处，但意义却不相同，若不细心，容易混淆。还有一些词形义都有相似之处，更须注意区别。这也是词汇题中经常遇到的。 ［例1］ Some people think that a translation, or wordforword translation, is easier than a free translation. A) literalB) literaryC) liberalD) linear 译文：有人认为“直译”或逐字译要比意译容易。 此题四个选择项的单词在拼写和发音上都有相似之处，极易混淆。但实际上它们意义完全不同：A项为“逐字的”，B项为“文学的”，C项为“自由的”，D项为“线性的”。根据句意应选A。 ［例2］ He attends to the of important business himself. A) transactionB) transitionC) transmissionD) transformation 译文：他亲自办理重要的事务。 四个选项单词拼写、发音相近，且后三个词在意义上也有相近之处。transition意为：“转变”，transmission意为“传送”，transformation意为“变化、变形”。只有A项符合句意，意为“处理、办理”。 ［例3］ We rarely perceive more than a minute of the sights and sounds that fall upon our sense organs. the great majority pass as by. A) fictionB) functionC) fractionD) friction 译文：我们只不过感知到落入我们感官的光和声音的微乎其微的一小部分, 其余绝大多数都与我们擦身而过。 本题设置了四个发音极其相似，拼写也相近的词迷惑考生，但其实四个词的词义相去甚远。这四个词的意义依次为“小说”、“功能”、“一点儿”、“摩擦”，应选C。 (四) 词语的习惯搭配 词汇选择题或多或少都涉及词汇间的搭配关系。在四个词义基本相同，从语法上又看不出有什么不妥时，尤其要注意词汇间的搭配。如动词与特定名词的动宾搭配，修饰语与中心词的习惯搭配，动词、名词或形容词与介词的搭配以动词与副词的搭配等等。这种搭配关系，往往从语义上很难讲清，考生平时学习时一定要注意记忆、积累。 ［例1］ Every member of society has to make a to struggle for the freedom of the country. A) pledgeB) warrantyC) resolveD) guarantee 本句要表达的意思为：“每个社会成员都必须保证为国家的自由而斗争。”但其中A、B、D三项词义分别为“保证、誓言”、“保证书”、“保证、担保”。意义如此相同，该选哪一个呢?从固定的动宾搭配的角度，我们只能选A。英语中可以说“make a pledge”，但却不能说“make a guarantee/warranty”。这两个词一般与give搭配。“make a resolve”虽有此搭配，但意义不甚通。 ［例2］ Young peoples social environment has a effect on their academic progress. A) grossB) solidC) completeD) profound 译文：年轻人所处的社会环境对他们的学业进步有深刻的影响。 gross有“总的，十足的，显著的”意义，solid为“坚固的”,complete为“完全的”，profound为“深刻的，深远的”，是正确答案。profound 常用以修饰effect、influence、silence等词，是一种习惯的修饰关系。 ［例3］ To be an inventor, one needs profound knowledge as well as a very imagination. A) vividB) brightC) livingD) colorful 译文：要成为一个发明家，一个人需要丰富的想像力和渊博的知识。 本题应选答案A。vivid意为“活跃的，生动的”，常用于修饰imagination,是很地道的英语。living是“活着的”意思，colorful意为“多彩的”，与vivid相比，都不是符合习惯用法的搭配。 以上我们从词汇题的命题思路和着眼点进行了举例和分析，考生从中可以获得一些有用的解题思路和方法。 应试技巧 词汇这一部分考题的应试对策实在是“自古华山一条路”——扩大词汇量。套用一句现今高校学生的戏语：“就是比谁的‘内存’大!” 二、 综合改错 六级考试的改错不同于一般的单句改错，要求考生能在语篇的层次上读懂一篇200字左右的短文，理清正确的思路，发现和指出其中的语言错误和逻辑上的错误，并予以改正，使文章语义连贯，符合逻辑。 词汇、语法类错误 词汇、语法类错误涵盖面甚广，包括除逻辑错误以外的所有错误，在六级考试改错题当中该类错误约占到70%。由于词汇错误和语法错误往往相互关联，故归入一类进行分析。下面我们就词类的角度，分析、归纳经常出现的错误。来源：www.examda.com (一) 名词错误 单复数错误，可数名数与不可数名词误用。 (二) 代词错误 ① 代词单复数用错，造成搭配不一致；② 人称与非人称用错；③ 主格、宾格或所有格用错；④ 关系代词用错；⑤ 不定代词用错。 (三) 动词错误 ① 时态，语态，第三人称单数错误；② 谓语动词形式错误；③ 及物与不及物动词用错，造成缺宾语或不能带宾语；④ 动词采用非谓语动词形式，造成谓语缺失，或用动词代替分词状语，造成一句中有两个谓语。 (四) 形容词、副词错误 形容词、副词比较级、最高级错误。 (五) 介词错误 ① 用错介词，造成搭配错误；② 遗漏介词或添加多余的介词。 (六) 分词错误 现在分词与过去分词置换错误，该用ing分词却用了ed分词，或者相反。 (七) 其他词类错误 ① 定冠词和不定冠词用错，冠词遗漏或多余；② 不定式符号to的缺漏或多余；③ 基数词与序数词错用。 (八) 词性误用 词类误用出现在以上主要词类中，在实考试卷中，多表现为以下各组词类间的误用： ① 名词形容词 用错的情况经常是：该用形容词作定语的地方用了名词，或该作宾语的位置用了形容词。 ● There may be sound medicine reasons for accepting electrical shock treatment.应为medical ● It is often this idea that caused their problems rather than any short of professional skills. 应为shortage ② 形容词副词 经常出现的错误情形为：用于修饰形容词、动词的副词被错用为形容词，或处于表语、补误位置的形容词被错用为副词。 ● Deciding how much discomfort and risk we are prepared to put up with in the name of better health is a high personal matter. 应为highly ● Industrial growth in countries that had former been markets hastened regional selfsufficiency, and in consequence, hastened the collapse of organized longdistance trade. 应为formerly ● The bees sting is used only once and is made more effectively by the fact that it is left behind in the victim. 应为effective ● It is precisely in these areas that the advantages of cooperation and sharing of experience appear evidently. 应为evident ● Even the quiet of our careful protected wilderness areas can be invaded at any moment by a passing jet. 应为carefully (九) 措词错误 此类错误主要指选词的错误，即该用某个词，却误用了另外一个词，造成语义不当或语法上的错误。所以要纠正错误，必须另换一词。这类错误主要表现为以下几个方面： ① 同义词、近义词选用不当； ② 形似义异词用错。 ● Between sunrise and sunset, streets and highways are a constant resource of noise from ears, buses and trucks. resource意为“资源”，意义不当，应改作source(来源)。 ● The government of most countries spend huge sums of money for international defence. 根据句中“大多数国家的政府”可知“ international”应为“national”。 ● The two countries will restore full diplomatic relations now that they have set their longstanding border dispute. 根据句意，句中set应改为“settled”，与dispute搭配表示“平息/解决争端”。而set无“平息，解决”之意，这是因为拼写发音相似而导致的用词错误。 ● At the bottom of the world lays a mighty continent still wrapped in Ice Age and ,until recent times, unknown to man. 句中“lays”意为“放置”，且为及物动词，应换作“lies”(躺着)。这是一对容易混淆的词。 逻辑错误 综合改错的第二大类错误为逻辑错误。从出题的角度看，设计者有意将某个连词，或起连词作用的副词换成与文章思路矛盾的连词或副词；或将某个正确的词的词义换成它的反义词；或者通过去掉否定词或添加否定词，使上下文产生矛盾。考生在阅读中若感觉文意不畅时，应从这几个方面入手，看看是否存在这类错误。 (一) 连词或副词错用 连词或起连词作用的副词按表示的逻辑关系可分为因果、转折、并列、递进、让步、假设等几大类。出题者往往通过把表示某种关系的连词或副词换成表示另一类逻辑关系的词，造成逻辑矛盾。如把因果关系连词和转折关系的连词互换，把表示递进关系的与让步关系的词互换等。下列连词和副词在改错题中要特别注意。 because, so, therefore, thus, since, as, for, consequently, but, however, nevertheless, whereas, although, yet, while, despite, before, after, moreover, furthermore, and, or, neither, nor ● People are earning higher wages and salaries. This leads to changes in the way of life. As income goes up, people may not want more food to eat or more clothes to wear. Since they may want more and better care from doctors, dentists and hospitals. They are likely to travel more and to want more education. Nevertheless, many more jobs are available in these services.上面这段文字中的连词“since”作“由于”解，与前文所述原因矛盾，而且since用在此，句法上也不正确，没有主句，应改为but。后面的连词Nevertheless(然而),与上下文文意不合，应改为表示因果关系的 “Therefore”或“So”。 (二) 反义词 这种错误指的是出题者将文中某个词，可以是动词、形容词、副词、名词、动名词、分词改成与正确文意相反或相对的词。考生必须能够识别这种错误，把它改过来。由于许多单词的反义词都可通过增加或取消表示否定意义的前缀、后缀而构成，在改正的过程，要特别注意利用这些词缀。 ● In part, technology has caused the population explosion, ... But in part, technology helps resolve the population problem, either. The need for more food discourages development of better technology which naturally keeps more people alive. 该段文字中的副词“either”和动词“discourages”在文中与文意相悖，逻辑上不通，应分别改成它们的反义词“too”和“encourages”。 (三) 肯定与否定 与上述两种通过单词本身的错误构成逻辑错误不同，这类错误是由于否定词not,no的缺漏或多余而造成的。 ● The children attended a small elementary school (often of just one room) to which they had to walk every week, every day, possibly for a few miles. The school term was short so that the children could not help, on the farm. “学期短，这样这些孩子就不能在农场上帮忙了”句意逻辑上不通，显然最后一句中的not应删去。 ● The quality of the environment may reduce the need for expensive drugs when a patient is not recovering from an illness. A study has shown that patients who had a view onto a garden needed half the number of strong pain killers compared with patients who had view at all or only a brick wall to look at. 此段中“not”应删去，而在had view之间应增添“no”，文意才通。 应试技巧 以上我们对综合改错题的各种错误类型进行了全面的归纳分析，可以说解题的思路和技巧已蕴含其中，现在我们从应试的角度提供几点建议： 1快速浏览全文，把握话题和大意。 2细读要求改错的那行文字，看看每一个词是否有语义、语法上的错误。来源：www.examda.com 3如果本行或本句内找不出词汇语法上的错误，要特别注意一下上下文，看看是否有逻辑错误。 4思路要开阔，考虑每类词汇能出现的错误，这一点尤为重要。 5注意以下一些常常设置的考点： ①如果出现现在分词ing，考虑一下是否应为过去分词ed,反之亦然。 ②如果是代词，考虑一下应该是主格、宾格还是所有格，或考虑应用单数形式还是复数形式。 its — his,his/her/its — their this — that/those/these that — which — what nothing — everything — anything other — the other — another few — a few, little — a little ③如果是形容词，考虑一下是否应为副词，或涉及形容词的语法错误，如比较级等，副词亦如此。 much — many, more — less, few — fewer little — few — less, late — later — latter — lately，good — well ④如果是介词，考虑是否能与动词、形容词、名词构成正确的搭配。 as — like, in — on — of, from — with — between ⑤如果是系动词be,助动词have，考虑单复数时态问题。 is (was) — are(were), have — had/has ⑥如果是连词，读一下上下文是否文意顺畅。 ⑦如果每个词本身都找不出问题，看看是否漏掉了什么词，如冠词等。 三、 完形填空 完型填空原为四级考试采用的题型，六级考试自1999年6月采用复合式听写后，为保持主观题分数不变，用完形填空代替了综合改错。依此分析，以后每逢采纳听力新题型时，会考完形填空。从实考试卷分析，六级的完形填空题在选择项词汇的设计上难度略大于四级。该题型为一篇题材熟悉、难度中等的短文(约200词)，内有20个空白，每个空白设有4个选择项，要求考生在全面理解内容的基础上选一个最佳答案，使短文的意思和结构恢复完整。下面我们读读完形填空题的特点以及做题应注意些什么。 特点1 完形填空题测试考生对语篇的理解能力。不同于单句形式的词汇题，完形填空要求考生能在语篇水平上理解并运用词汇，不仅要看所填词汇在本句从语义、语法上是否正确，而且要考虑上下文。 应试技巧 在做题时，应先快速通览一下全文，或至少一段，在掌握了大意后再做题。 特点2 完形填空测试考生使用词汇和语法结构的能力。短文的选项包括结构词和实义词。 应试技巧 所谓结构词是指连词、介词、关系代词、关系副词等虚词，这些词往往表示语法结构关系，在选择时，要考虑语法、逻辑上是否恰当。对实义词(名词、动词、形容词、副词等)首先要看其含义在句中、上下文中是否恰当，还要看它与其他词搭配是否得当，符合习惯用法。第四节简答题、英译汉应试诀窍 一、 简答题 简答题是四、六级考试已多次采用的新题型，有关该题的介绍，请参阅概述部分，这里不再赘述。这里只谈谈简答题的问题类型及应试方面应注意的要点。 简答题的问题类型 简答题的问题类型主要为主旨类和细节类。这类题答案相对来说比较容易控制，这也是从试题难度和评卷角度考虑的。 1主旨类 凡涉及文章的主题、大意、作者的观点、意图都属于这一类。提问方式与阅读理解此类题型类似。 What is the passage mainly about? Whats the topic of this passage? The purpose of this passage is to. 2细节类 细节题占简答题问题的绝大部分，往往针对文章中的主要事实，情节，论据进行提问，因此多用what，when, who, why ,how提问，或者以完成句子的形式出现。 应试技巧 1弄清提问的焦点，直接回答问题，避免迂回、绕圈子或答非所问。 2充分利用文章所使用的有关词语回答问题，避免用错词或使用拼不正确的词。 3根据提问方式的不同，采用适当的结构回答。如用what提的问题，一般只需用名词或名词短语，或动名词结构回答即可。这是少用词的一个技巧。 4去除与所回答的问题无关的信息，答案简明扼要不超过10个词。 5注意检查自己的回答中时态、动词形式、冠词有没有错误或遗漏。 6避免完全照搬原句，因为原句往往包含了多余的信息且往往与提问的形式不相吻合。 7书写要清楚、工整。 ? 简答题评分原则及标准 1 简答题要求学生在读懂文章的基础上，用正确简洁的语言回答问题。在评分时同时考虑内容和语言。每题满分为2分，最低分为0分。 2 给分标准： 2分——答出全部内容，语言正确 1分——答出部分内容，语言正确 0分——没有答对问题 3 扣分标准： (1) 语言错误扣05分，每题语言错误扣分不超过05分； (2) 涉及无关内容者扣05分；若答案中有相互矛盾的内容，则内容相互矛盾的部分皆不得分； (3) 整句原封不动照搬扣分，照搬一句扣05分，照搬两句及两句以上不得分； (4) 考生所给答案超过10个单词扣05分。 二、 英译汉 英译汉是四、六级考试委员会最早颁布的新题型之一。四级考试自1996年1月已采用过，而六级考试在实考中迄今尚未考过。尽管如此，英译汉仍可能在以后的六级考试中出现。在此，我们参照以往四级考试翻译题的出题情况，谈谈命题特点和翻译中应注意的问题。 命题特点 英译汉的句子通常从阅读理解的四篇文章中抽出，一般有四至五句。从实考试卷看，在句子的选择上有以下特点： 1倾向于选择复合句。复合句一般占3至4个，通常只有一个简单句。 2倾向于选择句子结构不同的多种句式： (1) 含有定语从句、同位语从句、宾语从句、状语从句、表语从句等从句的复杂句； (2) 含有比较结构的句子以及其他重要结构的句子； (3) 含有固定短语的句子； (4) 含有分词结构的句子。 应试技巧 根据四、六级考试委员会有关新题型的通知以及实考的评分标准“英译汉主要考核考生对书面材料的确切理解能力。对译文的要求是‘正确’和‘表达清楚’，对汉语不作过高要求”。这也是根据实际情况提出的一个实事求是的标准。因此，要做好这一部分，关键还在于正确地理解原文原句。当然，“对汉语不作过高要求”并不意味着汉语表达不重要，没有合适的汉语措辞，往往会词不达意，甚至意思扭曲，背离原文的意思。下面是一些在翻译时注意的问题： 1先弄清句子结构，分清句子的主干，即哪一部分是主语，哪一部分是谓语，哪一部分是宾语或表语。然后搞清楚主句与从句，各修饰语修饰哪个中心词。 2定语从句，同位从句过长时，可拆开来译为2句或多个短句。 3注意比较结构more...than, as...as，rather than..., other than...等结构的译法。 4选择合适的汉语句式。有些句子直译或顺译就能正确地表达英文原义，而有些句子顺译将无法理解。这时应考虑一下，原文要表达的意思，用汉语如何说，如果原句有多层意思，考虑一下分译成若干句。这样思路就不至于受原文的拘束而找到合适的表达方法。 5注意原文句意的肯定与否定，不要译反。另外还要注意否定词的范围，是局部否定还是否定全句，不要译错。 ? 英译汉评分原则及标准 1本项目通过翻译测试考生正确理解英文原文的能力。 2本项目中的试题均摘自阅读理解部分的文章，因此“正确理解英文原文” 必须根据原文上下文正确理解英文。 3对译文的要求是“正确”和“表达清楚”，对汉语不作过高要求。 4本项目满分为10分，共4题，每题为25分；每题划分为3—4个给分段，分段的分值为05或1；凡分值为05者不再细化。 5添加不必要的词语时，如不影响句义，不扣分；如影响句义，应扣分。来源：www.examda.com 6如译文与原文的句义相反，即使局部译对，全句也不给分。 7一题二译时，只按第一个译文评分。 8考试委员会提供译文抽样示例，对超出示例的译文若有争议，由阅卷点负责人根据评分标准酌情决定。 第五节六级作文应试指导 六级考试作文部分要求考生在30分钟之内写出一篇不少于120词的短文(四级为100词)。从近几年实考看，四、六级均采用同样的作文题，题型多为提纲式作文。即给出一个英文标题下面用汉语给出三段(或两段)的提纲，即要求写的中心内容。 ? 六级考试作文评分原则和评分标准 (一) 评分原则 １． CET是检查考生是否达到大学英语教学大纲规定的四级和六级教学要求，对作文的评判应以此要求为准则。 ２． CET作文题采用总体评分(Global Scoring)方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分，而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。 ３． 从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而适切地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。 ４． 避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，包括满分；该低分的给低分，包括0分。一名阅卷人员在所评的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。 （二) 评分标准 1 本题满分为15分。 2 阅卷标准共五等：2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。各有标准样卷一至二份。 3 阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数(如8分)相似，即定为该分数(即8分)；若认为稍优劣于该分数，则可加1分(即9分)或减1分(即7分)。但不得加或减半分。 4 评分标准： 2分——条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。 5分——基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。 8分——基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重的错误。 11分——切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。 14分——切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺。连贯性较好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。［注：白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给0分］ 5 字数不足的应酌情扣分：累计字数〖〗CET4〖〗90～99〖〗80～89〖〗70～79〖〗60～69〖〗50～59〖〗＜49CET6〖〗110～119〖〗100～109〖〗90～99〖〗80～89〖〗70～79〖〗＜69扣分〖〗1〖〗2〖〗3〖〗5〖〗7〖〗9［注：1如题目中给出主题句，起始句，结束句，均不得计入所写字数。 2只写一段者：0～4分；只写两段者： 0～9分。(指规定三段的作文)］6为了便于阅卷人员掌握评分标准。现将各档作文分相当于百分制的得分，列表如下，称分率。其中9分的得分率为60(相当于百分制的60分)。作文分〖〗15得分率〖〗１００〖〗14〖〗13〖〗12〖〗11〖〗10〖〗9〖〗8〖〗7〖〗6〖〗5〖〗4〖〗3〖〗2〖〗194〖〗87〖〗80〖〗74〖〗67〖〗60〖〗54〖〗47〖〗40〖〗34〖〗27〖〗20〖〗14〖〗7(三) 关于作文最低分的有关规定 1 作文分最低分定为6分。 2 考生作文分为0分时，若总分高于60分，一律按59分报道；若总分低于60分，则按“总分-6分”报道。 3 考生作文分大于0分，小于6分时，则按下列公式报道成绩： 最后报道分=原计算总分-6分 实得作文分。 应试技巧 （一） 审题与构思 拿到一篇作文题后，应先审题。首先要读懂大标题，看看要写的话题是什么。若对标题中某个词不甚理解，可参照一下汉语提纲，往往能够迎刃而解。从实考评卷看，考生因词汇掌握不够，不理解标题中的某个词，造成偏离题目的情况时有发生。其实只要思心点，这种情况就不会发生。看清标题之后，要看一下所列提纲，弄清各段应写的内容，以及各段落间的关系。接着，在头脑里构思一下每段要写哪几点(句)，段落之间如何过渡等。 （二） 开端 文章的开端很重要，俗话说“万事开头难”，一个好的起始句往往能够打开思路。由于四、六级作文多为议论文和说明文，且为短文，“开门见山”直入话题为使用最多开篇方式。(有关这一点，请参阅四、六级作文实用套语部分)，然而，这并不意味着总是用一种单调的方式开头。“开门见山”也有多种不同的手法。例如，我们可以用问句开头，如1997年6月作文题为：“My view on jobhopping”(我对跳槽的看法)，某考生是这样开头的：“You resigned again! Whats your new job?”然后接着写“Jobhopping has become a hot topic among people,especially the young...”这就是个有点新意的开头，与大多数考生不一样。再如，我们还可以引述名言或谚语开头。比如，同样是上述这篇作文题，我们可以这样开头： There is an old saying: A rolling stone gathers no mosses.(滚石不生苔，转业不生财) It means you cant achieve anything if you have no patience. But nowadays ,many people are keen on jobhopping...读到这样一个不同凡响的开头，这篇作文已给评卷者一个很好的印象。当然，除了“开门见山”式的开头外，我们也可以用其他方法开头。比如，我们可以用一个具体事例开头或描述一个场景开头。如1998年6月作文题：Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Luck?大多数考生都是把第一段的汉语提纲“有人认为幸运数字能带来好运”这句话翻译了一下作为开端，而有考生是这样写的：My friend Sam was very excited yesterday, because he got a “lucky number” for his telephone, which is 8011668. 这也是个比较生动的开头。总之文无定法，文章的开头可以有多种多样的变化，考生应根据题目内容的不同选择合适的开头方式。 （三） 展开 有了一个良好的开头，接着就要按照既定的构思框架，围绕提纲规定的要点，展开段落。一般来说，每段的提纲就象一个主题句，考生需做的就是把这一概括性的“主题句”的意思加以发挥，将其具体化，或加以说明阐释。四、六级考试的作文是短文，不需要长篇大论。所以考生要要言不烦，抓住要点，想好每段要写的几个句子。一般来说，每段只需写4～5句即可达到所要求的字数。有些考生以为写得长就是好，盲目追求字数，结果句子虽写了不少，但语言质量差，甚至词不达意。一篇作文能不能获得较高的评分，主要在于文章句子的语言质量，字数的多少并不成为评分时的主要关注点。依实考评卷的经验看，除非考生作文字数明显太少，一般很少因为字数而扣分。所以不要为凑够字数而匆匆忙忙。正确的策略应该是考虑几句切中要点的句子，把它们写好，写正确。 （四） 遣词造句 考生在写作时，要根据构思，认真考虑写好每一个句子。这是清楚表达的关键而要写好句子就要用正确、恰当的词汇和合适的句型结构来表达。四、六级作文考的是运用语言的能力，评分从语言和内容两方面着眼，而在实际操作中更加偏重于从语言质量角度评判高下。因此，考生在遣词造句时应注意以下几点：(1) 要尽量选用自己熟悉，有把握的词语来表达，避免词不达意，减少出错的频率。如果表达时出现某个词汇不会或想不起来，不如换一种说法，不要“硬译”。(2) 要注意表达的多样性(variety)，具体而言，就是指用词要丰富些，在句型、句式上要有所变化，尝试使用不同的句子结构。比如，使用一些复合句、并列句、疑问句等使文章更加紧凑、富于变。另外，选用恰当的短语，词组可为文章增加亮点。 （五） 复查与修改 这是写作考试时一个必要步骤，但往往又容易被匆忙的考生忽略。在考作文时，考生应留出3至4分钟用于复查、修改。方法是阅读一遍所写的文章，看看有无语法方面的错误，一些匆匆忙忙中易出的错误，如主谓在人称数上不一致，时态错误等明显的错误，都可以通过复查发现并得以修改。 六级作文写作实用套路套语例解 大家都知道，要想写好作文，提高写作水平，关键在于打好语言基础，平时多写多练多积累，决非一朝之功。但如果我们了解历年作文考题在题材(subject matter)、文体方面的出题模式，积累一些应试的写作套路套语，就能够在相对短的时间内收到良好的效果。下面我们在分析历年作文考题的基础上，归纳出几种典型的出题模式，然后提供一些写作套路以供参考。 （一） 典型出题模式及应试套路 模式之一：1有人认为… 2有人认为(不同式相反的观点) 3我的观点 这是六级考试多次出现的作文模式之一，属议论文。这种类型的作文题要求考生先陈述一些人对某种问题、现象的看法，然后陈述另一些人对此的不同看法。最后一段要求作者发表观点或评述。如1999年6月作文题： Reading Selectively or Extensively? 1有人认为读书要有选择 2有人认为应当博览群书 3我的看法 由于这类作文思维框架相同，我们可以利用以下几个套路来构筑这种作文模式的文章骨架。 参考套路① Different people have different opinions as to ... Some people think... , while some other people argue that... As far as Im concerned, I agree with the latter to some extent, ... A case in point is ... 参考套路② When asked the question “×××?” different people have different answers. Some / Quite a few people think that... Some others are of the opinion / maintain that... To their mind,... Which opinion (view) is right (reasonable)? (I think its not a matter of right or wrong), but Im inclined to accept the second view. My reasons are as follows. First of all,... Secoud,... 参考套路③ Some people believe that... because... But some others hold/maintain that... They think... In my opinion, I prefer / Im in favor of the latter... 模式之二：1某事某物的好处/优点 2某事某物的副作用/带来的问题 3如何处理/看待 这也是六级作文题常用的模式。先谈某事物或现象的益处，然后要求写其不足之处或负面影响，最后谈谈怎样处理或对待这一问题，或者谈自己的看法、体会。如1996年1月作文题： The Twoday Weekend 1双休日给大学生带来的好处 2双休日可能给大学生带来的问题 3我应当怎样过好双休日 参考套路： ...(引入话题)×××benefits us in many respects. First, ... Second, ... Third ... While ××× has so many advantages, we can not ignore the problems it brings us. For example... How to solve the problem? / What is the correct attitude towards ×××? （二） 六级作文实用套语 (1)表示列举他人的观点、看法：来源：www.examda.com ● Some people think (say, believe) that ..., while some others argue that ... ● Some people think that ... . However, some others hold the opposite view / a different opinion. ● With regard to the question / topic, different people have different answers / opinions. Some think that.... Some others maintain / are of the opinion that... ● Contrary to the above view, some others insist that... ● Nevertheless, there are some people who disagree(dont agree) with the view. ● There are much controversy on this phenomenon. (2) 表示发表自己的观点(赞成，不赞成，怀疑): ● Which opinion is rignt / more reasonable? Im inclined to accept the latter/the second view. ● My opinion is that there is something in both of the views. ● I think both of the above opinions are too radical / go to the extremes and therefore are incomplete. ● It is true that..., but... ● To my mind, both of the opinions are right in a certain sense. ● As far as Im concerned,I prefer the former/the latter. ● Im in favor of the latter. ● My opinion is similar to the latter/my view is in agreement with the latter. ● In my opinion, both of the above views are only partly right. ● With regard to the question, I think a correct attitude is (that)... ● To my mind, whether... or not depend on our attitude towards the matter and how we deal with it. ● In my opinion, whether it is good or bad depends on how we look at it. (3) 表示引入要讨论的问题、现象: ● Recently, a hot topic people are talking about is... / there is a heated discusion on/ about/ whether... ● Nowadays, a social/common phenomenon that you can find everywhere is ... ● Nowadays, more and more people are concerned about... ● When asked the question “what/how...?” people have various answers. ● It is generally believed that... ● With the development of national economy... ● With the progress of science and technology... ● With the quickening pace of modern life... ● With peoples living standards rising, more and more people... ● There is a prevalent belief among people that... ● Nowadays, there is a widespread view that... ● Recently there has sprung up a heated discussion as to whether... ● In our daily life, we often hear /see /come across... ● ... is a common phenomenon in our daily life. (4) 表示陈述原因: ● There are several /various reasons for this (phenomenon). ● The reasons for this are as follows. ● Several factors are responsible for the phenomenon. ● There are several reasons why... ● Their opinion is based on the fact that... / the following facts... ● It is due to several factors. ● ..., for they think that... ● Those who are in favor of the ... believe that... ● The main /direct reason (for this) is that... ● These / The following are my reasons for my choice. (5) 表示好处、坏处、利弊、优缺点： ● It benefits us in many ways / respects. ● The advantages /disadvantages of ... are obvious. ● It contributes to ... ● Doing sth. is beneficial to ... ● It does harm / good to ... ● While ... has so many advantages, we should not ignore the problems it brings us. ● The negative aspect / effect is that ... ● Although ..., we should also take the negative effects into account / consideration. ● Just as a coin has two sides, everything has its advantages and disadvantages. (6) 表示措施、办法怎样做打算： ● We should take effective / drastic measures to stop / prevent / protect ... ● Faced with such a situation, what shall we do? ● What should we do to solve the problem? ● Perhaps the best choice is the combination of the two... ● The solution to this problem is to / that... ● There are several ways to cope with the problem. ● The government should make strict regulations / laws to ban such practice / to stop this phenomenon from spreading. ● We should take immediate action to ... ● Its urgent for us to do something about this. ● We should spare no effort /try every means to ... (7) 表示重要、必要: ● It is indispensable to our life. ● Its an indispensable part of ... ● It plays an important part. ● ××× is of vital importance. ● The important thing is that we should pay more attention to ... ● Its important /necessary /urgent for us to ... (8)表示结论、总结： ● From the above analysis, we can see that... / we come to the conclusion that... ● Only in this way can we... ● Only when we... can we... (三) 六级作文常用连词及起连接作用的词语 (1) 并列：and, as well as, and ... as well, or (2) 递进，附加： besides, whats more, moreover, furthermore, in addition, also (3) 因果： because, because of, for, as, since, now that, thus, therefore, so, as a result (4) 转折：but, however, nevertheless, though, on the contrary, on the other hand (5) 总结，结论： in conclusion, in a word, in brief, all in all来源：www.examda.com (6) 列举，举例：first, second, third, first of all, in the first place, in the next place, on one hand, on the other hand, for example, for instance, a case in point, take... for example