There are more than forty universities in Britain—nearly twice as many as in 1960.During the 1960s eight completely new ones were founded, and ten other new ones were created 1 converting old colleges of technologysintosuniversities.In the same period the 2 of students more than doubled, from 70000 to 3 than 200,000.By 1973 about 10% of men aged from eighteen 4 twenty-one were in universities and about 5% of women.All the universities are private institutions.Each has its 5 governing councils, 6 some local businessmen and local politicians as 7 a few academics(大学教师).The state began to give grants to them fifty years 8 , and by 1970 each university derived nearly all its 9 from state grants.Students have to 10 fees and living costs, but every student may receive from the local authority of the place 11 he lives a personal grant which is enough to pay his full costs, including lodging and 12 unless his parents are 13 .Most 14 take jobs in the summer 15 about six weeks, but they do not normally do outside 16 during the academic year.The Department of Education takes 17 for the payment which cover the whole expenditure of the 18 , but it does not exercise direct control.It can have an important influence 19 new developments through its power to distribute funds, but it takes the advice of the University Grants Committee, a body which is mainly 20 of academics.