英语讲义(14)主动语态之形,被动语态之意

文章作者 100test 发表时间 2007:07:07 12:17:04
来源 100Test.Com百考试题网


 在《语态:主动与被动的关系》一文里,提到有些动词有主动语态之形,但却有被动语态之意。

  这些动词包括及物的(transitive verbs)、不及物的( intransitive verbs)、动名词(gerunds)和不定式动词( infinitives)。这些动词很特别,但数目不多。例如:

  Ⅰ及物动词  ① That house is building (= being built).
   ② The trumpets are sounding ( = being sounded).
   ③ The film is showing now (= being shown now).
   ④ The guns are firing (= being fired).
   ⑤ The drums are beating ( = being beaten).

  Ⅱ不及物动词  ⑥ The middle house wont let.
   ⑦ Porcelain sinks clean easily.
   ⑧ Such potatoes peel well.
   ⑥-⑧中的“出租”、“清洗”和“削”都有“被”的意思。

  Ⅲ动名词  ⑨ Your office needs cleaning (= to be cleaned).
   ⑩ The computer wants servicing (= to be serviced).
   11. This watch requires winding up ( = to be wound up).
   12. That good point bears repeating (= to be repeated).

  Ⅳ不定式动词  13. This is an apartment to let.
   14. Give him a chair to sit down.
   15. There is nothing to do for the time being.
   16. You are to blame.

  13-16中的不定式动词都有被动之意,情况和⑥-⑧中的不及物动词类似,都是具有主动语态之形,含有被动语态之意。然而,这种用法虽很特殊,却不普遍。当这些动词回到本来的性质时,还是有被动语态的, 只是含义有些不同。例如17和18中的(a)和(b)的含义便有些不同:

  17.a) His books sell well.
    b) His books are sold well.

  18.a) Your shoes have worn well.
    b) Your shoes have been worn well.

  (a)的句子表示“书的销路好”和“鞋子耐穿”,都是因为主语有内在的优点。至于(b)的句子,它们只把事实反映出来,没有别的含义。

  最后,当感官动词当接系动词用时,它们也是有主动语态之形,被动语态之意:

  19.Honey tastes sweet.
   20.Glass feels smooth.
   21.Perfume smells good.
   22.The sky seems to appear dark.
   23.The weather has turned hot.



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