task4课文主题与教授举例题 9.15 In this set of materials, the reading passage introduces a theory, false consensus effect, which means when people work with others, they tend to believe others agree with what they believe and act. In this lecture, the professor uses one example to explain this theory. The example is about a recent research. In a crowded but quiet room, some students would discuss loudly, but others would not. Then these students were divided to two opposite groups, the first group who would discuss loudly thought others would talk loudly too, the second group who would keep silent thought most of the students would stand with them. So, people tend to think others would have similar points of view. 10.15 In this set of materials, the reading passage introduces a definition, diffusion of responsibility, which means that people don’t want to help those who need help if there are many people seeing this. In the lecture, the professor uses two examples to explain this definition. The first example is driving on the high way during the heavy traffic, though many people want help the driver who has an accident, only a few will do, because they think other people will do this. The second example is driving on the country road in an early morning when there are a few cars in sight, and you will help people in trouble, because you think you are the only person who can help him under the very circumstance. 10.21 In this set of materials, the reading passage introduces a principle, self- fulfilling prophecy, which means that if we make a prediction, we tend to change our activity and make our prediction true. In the lecture, the professor uses one example to explain this definition. The example is about a research in North America, some students were 0selected from some primary school across the country, they were as normal as other students, but their educators were instructed that they were the top students in the country and they should be educated as geniuses, so the teachers always praised and encouraged them. Five years later, the researchers found these students had higher IQ than other students. 11.3 marketing In this set of materials, the reading passage introduces a principle, buyer’s remorse, which means that after customers buy an expensive item, they will remorse. In the lecture, the professor uses one example to explain this principle. The example is from the professor’s experience. The professor bought a car last year because he thought it was pretty good, after a week, he thought he made a quick decision. Fortunately, a salesman called him to celebrate his right decision, and the salesman’s daughter bought the same car and loved it, the car had won a lot of prize for her. After that, the salesman sent mail regularly to ask his complaints and feedback, thus the professor felt better. 11.21 In this set of materials, the reading passage introduces two principles to increase a speaker’s credibility, which means that the speaker should be professional and contact with the audience for at least 3 seconds. In the lecture, the professor uses one example to explain the principles. The example is about Mr. Jancson, he was the candidate of the president in the twentieth century. He established himself as an esteemed expert in finance before going into politics, thus, when he talked finance, people thought he was professional. He improved his speech by memorizing what he was going to talk about, thus he could contact with the audiences’ eyes. As a result, he became even more popular and won the election at last. 12.3 In this set of materials, the reading passage introduces a principle word framing, which means that different but logically equal words cause individuals to change their decisions. In the lecture, the professor uses two examples to explain this principle. The first example is about the weather forecast. If the weather is forecasted to be cloudy, and there are 50% possibilities of rain, people will take umbrella with them, if there are 50% possibilities of sunshine, people won’t prepare for rain. The second example is about the advertisement language. People prefer buying the medicine claimed to work for 90 percent of patients to buying other medicine claimed the failure to 10 percent of patients. 12.8[ www.100test.com/toefl ] In this set of materials, the reading passage introduces a definition- outsider artists, which means that they teach themselves, but they have the artistic talents. In the lecture, the professor uses one example to explain this definition. The example is about Edison, he was one of the greatest outsiders in North America, his life was as unusual as his paintings, he only spent quite a while living alone in Chicago, he had no friends and was drunk everyday, he painted in secret conditions. His paintings were unique. he pasted 18 children figures from the magazines on his water color pictures. He liked making abnormally large paintings, his longest porch was as long as 8 feet, his works were famous after his death. 2.3 In this set of materials, the reading passage introduces two reasons of losing temporary memory, which means that temporary can lose as time passes by or interference of other matters. In the lecture, the professor uses two examples to explain these reasons. The first example is a man forgot a phone number, and his roommate told him, but 2 hours later he forgot the number again. Memory can stay as long as you dial the phone. The second example is from the professor’s experience. He ran into a friend when he was in the bookstore, his friend recommended him a book list. Finally, he couldn t remember his book list. Because his friend’s recommended books took the place of his own list he previously made. 1 nonverbal behavior and verbal behavior In this set of materials, the reading passage introduces a principle about nonverbal behavior and verbal behavior, which means we can judge one’s feeling just through our behavior, even he say no words or the opposite feeling, In the lecture, the professor uses a couple of examples to explain this definition. The first example is from his experience, when he saw his uncle he hadn’t seen him for a long time, although he didn’t say he was happy, but his wife and uncle can see it through his jumping. The second example is playing hammer and snail with his daughter, although his finger was smashed, he said he is OK, his daughter see his pain through his behavior. 3method acting In this set of materials, the reading passage introduces a definition of method acting, which means that when you perform on the stage, you need to relate your experience to the role and you need to use the body language and imagine the scene. In the lecture, the professor uses one example to explain this definition. The example is from the professor’s experience, one day he had to act as Sam and perform a situation of reunite with an old friend, he imagined he saw his father who were away from home to gain the joy. If Sam was cold in North Pole, he imagined he was waiting the bus in the cold for four hours, and thus you could integrate into the role. In this set of materials, the reading passage introduces a definition, which means that . In the lecture, the professor uses two examples to explain this definition. 编辑推荐： 托福考试历年真题词汇 2009年托福考试机经大汇总 09,2010托福考位最新放出规律