英语语法的考查重点二

文章作者 100test 发表时间 2007:02:25 15:25:57
来源 100Test.Com百考试题网

　　二、虚拟语气
　　英语中的虚拟语气有4种，一种是条件句中的虚拟语气，一种是含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气，一种是名词性从句中的虚拟语气，还有一种是状语从句中的虚拟语气。其中虚拟时态的运用很大程度上和其所处的句型有关。95年以来，对虚拟语气的考查有28题之多，占词汇/语法总数的15.2%.下面我们也分四部分来看一下四级考试中虚拟语气的运用。
　　1.条件句中的虚拟语气
　　Test yourself
　　在我们分析虚拟语气的考查特点也应对策略之前，还上请同学们先做做一下以下各题：
　　1） If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell， you ____ now. （1999.1）
　　A. wouldnt be smiling 　　B. couldnt have smiled 　　C. wont smile 　　D. didnt smile
　　2） ____ for my illness I would have lent him a helping hand. （19995.1）
　　A. Not being 　　B. Had it not been 　　C. Without being 　　D. Not having been
　　3） ______before we depart the day after tomorrow， we should have a wonderful dinner party. （1997.1）
　　A. Had they arrived 　　B. Would they arrive 　　C. Were they arriving 　　D. Were they to arrive
　　4） Jean doesnt want to work right away because she thinks that if she ____ a job she probably wouldnt be able to see her friends very often.（1996.1）
　　A. has to get 　　B. were to get 　　C. had got 　　D. could have got
　　5） _____ right now， she would get there on Sunday.（1996.6）
　　A. Would she leave 　　B. If she leaves 　　C. Were she to leave 　　D. If she had left
　　6） Had he worked harder， he ____ the exams.（1997.6）
　　A. must have got through 　　B. would have got through C. would get through D. could get through
　　7） If the whole operation _____ beforehand， a great deal of time and money would have been lost. （1999.6）
　　A. was not planned 　　B. has not been planned 　　C. had not been planned 　　D. were not planned
　　Explanation and Expansion
　　A. 参考答案：1） A 2） B 3） D 4） C 5） C 6） B 7） C
　　B. 评析
　　① 对于虚拟条件句中时态的运用，首先应该区分主从句的不同。从句中用过去时，过去完成时，或were to/should 原形动词，而主句中用would/could/might/should 原形动词或动词的完成形式。
　　② 虚拟条件句有单一条件句，也有混合虚拟条件句，所以不能只根据从句与某一事实相反来判断主句就与该事实相反，同样，也不能想当然地认为主句与某一事实相反，从句也就与该事实相反。
　　如1）从句与过去事实相反，而主句与现在事实相反。再如：
　　If he werent such a kind man， he wouldnt lent a hand to such people as you the other day. （从句与现在事实相反，主句与过去事实相反。）
　　Were my friends not to come tomorrow， I wouldnt have bought so many foods. （从句与将来事实相反，主句与过去事实相反。）
　　③ 熟记主从句动词与不同事实相反时的时态运用规则。解题时根据句子所表达的时间概念确定与什么事实相反，然后采用相应的时态。
　　如果与过去事实相反，从句中用过去完成时，主句中用would/should/could/might have done的形式，如2）6）和7）。
　　如果与现在事实相反，从句中用一般过去时，主句中用would/could/might/should 原形动词，表示与正在进行的事实相反用would/might/could/should be doing的结构，如1）。
　　如果表示将来不可能实现的事情，从句中用过去时，或were to / should 原形动词，以上3） 4） 5）表示的都属于这种情况。
　　④ if引导条件状语从句时，可以将were/had/should提至句首，省略if.考试时经常是将省略if的与含有if的选项并列，在这种情况下，应注意分清从句的时态，尽管多数情况下都是倒装的结构为正确选项。如2）3）5）。
　　⑤ If it werent/hadnt been for …以及其倒装结构were it not for/had it not been for表示“如果不是……的话”
　　⑥ 正如真实条件从句中不用will一样，虚拟条件从句中也不可使用would，应特别注意。
　　Self-practice
　　上面我们一起分析了虚拟条件句中虚拟语气的考查特点和解题规律，下面请自己做以下《语法分词》第十一章第一节的有关题目，进行自测。
　　2.含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气
　　Test Yourself
　　首先还是请同学们先做一下下面两题。
　　1） Some women ____a good salary in a job instead of staying home， but they decided not to work for the sake of the family.
　　A. must make B. should have made
　　C. would make D. could have made （2000.1）
　　2） We didnt know his telephone number， otherwise we ___ him.
　　A. would have telephoned B. must have telephoned
　　C. would telephone D. had telephoned （1995.6）
　　Explanation and Expansion
　　A.参考答案 1）D 2）A
　　B.评析
　　含蓄虚拟条件句指没有明确的条件从句的虚拟条件句，一般是条件用介词短语、分词短语或并列句的方式表达，这时主句的时态要求与含有条件从句的主句要求相同。四级测试中常考的含蓄虚拟条件句句型有：
　　① But for/Without， 主句
　　But for/Without your help， we wouldnt have accomplished the task on time.
　　② ……， otherwise/or ……
　　He hadnt had food for two days， or/otherwise he wouldnt have fainted out at work.
　　上面2）题就属于该句型，表达的是与过去事实相反的情况，所以用would have telephoned的结构。
　　③ 分词/不定式，主句
　　Having been born ten years earlier， you could have witnessed the disaster.
　　Given more time， we could have done the work much better.
　　You would be foolish to make friends with such people.
　　④ ……，thought/but ……
　　Einstein cared little for money， though he could have been very rich.
　　He could have got the job， but he didnt apply for it.
　　上面的1）题就属于该句型，表示他本来可以做那份工作弄到一份很不错的薪水。
　　Self-practice
　　下面同学们试做一下《语法分册》150页有关含蓄条件句的几道题。
　　3.名词性从句中的虚拟语气
　　Test yourself
　　与上述虚拟语气不同，名词性从句的虚拟语气大都与谓语动词有关，用法也比较简单，请同学们先做一下几题，然后我们一起总结以下都有哪些规律可以遵循。
　　1） Wouldnt you rather your child _____ to bed early？（2000.1）
　　A.go B.went C.would go D.goes
　　2） Mikes uncle insists ____ in this hotel.（2000.1）
　　A.staying not B.not to stay
　　C.that he would not stay D.that he not stay
　　3） Sometimes I wish I ____ in a different time and a different place.（2000.1）
　　A.be living B.were living C.would live D.would have lived
　　4） It is essential that these application forms ____ back as early as possible.（2000.1）
　　A.must be sent B.will be sent C.are sent D.be sent
　　5） It is recommended that the project _____ until all the
　　preparations have been made. （1995.6）
　　A.is not started B.will not be started C.not be started D.is not to be started
　　6） We are all for your proposal that the discussion ____.（1998.6）
　　A.be put off 　　B.was put off　　 C.should put off 　　D.is to be out off
　　7） The suggestion that the mayor ________the prizes was accepted by everyone.（2000.6）
　　A.would present 　　B.present 　　C.presents 　　D.ought to present
　　8） Its already 5 oclock now.Dont you think it is about time ____？ （1996.6）
　　A.we are going home 　　B.we go home 　　C.we went home 　　D.we can go home
　　9） As Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces， I have directed that
　　all measures ____ for our defense.（1999.6）
　　A.had been taken 　　B.would be taken 　　C.be taken 　　D.to be taken
　　10） It is vital that enough money __________to fund the project. （1997.1）
　　A.be collected 　　B.must be collected 　　C.is collected 　　D.can be collected