二、 综合改错 词汇、语法类错误 词汇、语法类错误涵盖面甚广，包括除逻辑错误以外的所有错误，在六级考试改错题当中该类错误约占到70%。下面我们就词类的角度，分析、归纳经常出现的错误。 (一) 名词错误 单复数错误，可数名数与不可数名词误用。 (二) 代词错误 ① 代词单复数用错，造成搭配不一致；② 人称与非人称用错；③ 主格、宾格或所有格用错；④ 关系代词用错；⑤ 不定代词用错。 (三) 动词错误来源：www.examda.com ① 时态，语态，第三人称单数错误；② 谓语动词形式错误；③ 及物与不及物动词用错，造成缺宾语或不能带宾语；④ 动词采用非谓语动词形式，造成谓语缺失，或用动词代替分词状语，造成一句中有两个谓语。 (四) 形容词、副词错误 形容词、副词比较级、最高级错误。 (五) 介词错误 ① 用错介词，造成搭配错误；② 遗漏介词或添加多余的介词。 (六) 分词错误 现在分词与过去分词置换错误，该用ing分词却用了ed分词，或者相反。来源：www.examda.com (七) 其他词类错误 ① 定冠词和不定冠词用错，冠词遗漏或多余；② 不定式符号to的缺漏或多余；③ 基数词与序数词错用。 (八) 词性误用 词类误用出现在以上主要词类中，在实考试卷中，多表现为以下各组词类间的误用： ① 名词形容词 用错的情况经常是：该用形容词作定语的地方用了名词，或该作宾语的位置用了形容词。 ● There may be sound medicine reasons for accepting electrical shock treatment.应为medical ● It is often this idea that caused their problems rather than any short of professional skills. 应为shortage ② 形容词副词 经常出现的错误情形为：用于修饰形容词、动词的副词被错用为形容词，或处于表语、补误位置的形容词被错用为副词。 ● Deciding how much discomfort and risk we are prepared to put up with in the name of better health is a high personal matter. 应为highly ● Industrial growth in countries that had former been markets hastened regional selfsufficiency, and in consequence, hastened the collapse of organized longdistance trade. 应为formerly ● The bees sting is used only once and is made more effectively by the fact that it is left behind in the victim. 应为effective ● It is precisely in these areas that the advantages of cooperation and sharing of experience appear evidently. 应为evident ● Even the quiet of our careful protected wilderness areas can be invaded at any moment by a passing jet. 应为carefully (九) 措词错误 此类错误主要指选词的错误，即该用某个词，却误用了另外一个词，造成语义不当或语法上的错误。所以要纠正错误，必须另换一词。这类错误主要表现为以下几个方面： ① 同义词、近义词选用不当；来源：www.examda.com ② 形似义异词用错。 ● Between sunrise and sunset, streets and highways are a constant resource of noise from ears, buses and trucks. resource意为“资源”，意义不当，应改作source(来源)。 ● The government of most countries spend huge sums of money for international defence. 根据句中“大多数国家的政府”可知“ international”应为“national”。 ● The two countries will restore full diplomatic relations now that they have set their longstanding border dispute. 根据句意，句中set应改为“settled”，与dispute搭配表示“平息/解决争端”。而set无“平息，解决”之意，这是因为拼写发音相似而导致的用词错误。 ● At the bottom of the world lays a mighty continent still wrapped in Ice Age and ,until recent times, unknown to man. 句中“lays”意为“放置”，且为及物动词，应换作“lies”(躺着)。这是一对容易混淆的词。 逻辑错误 综合改错的第二大类错误为逻辑错误。从出题的角度看，设计者有意将某个连词，或起连词作用的副词换成与文章思路矛盾的连词或副词；或将某个正确的词的词义换成它的反义词；或者通过去掉否定词或添加否定词，使上下文产生矛盾。 (一) 连词或副词错用 连词或起连词作用的副词按表示的逻辑关系可分为因果、转折、并列、递进、让步、假设等几大类。出题者往往通过把表示某种关系的连词或副词换成表示另一类逻辑关系的词，造成逻辑矛盾。如把因果关系连词和转折关系的连词互换，把表示递进关系的与让步关系的词互换等。下列连词和副词在改错题中要特别注意。 because, so, therefore, thus, since, as, for, consequently, but, however, nevertheless, whereas, although, yet, while, despite, before, after, moreover, furthermore, and, or, neither, nor来源：www.examda.com ● People are earning higher wages and salaries. This leads to changes in the way of life. As income goes up, people may not want more food to eat or more clothes to wear. Since they may want more and better care from doctors, dentists and hospitals. They are likely to travel more and to want more education. Nevertheless, many more jobs are available in these services.上面这段文字中的连词“since”作“由于”解，与前文所述原因矛盾，而且since用在此，句法上也不正确，没有主句，应改为but。后面的连词Nevertheless(然而),与上下文文意不合，应改为表示因果关系的 “Therefore”或“So”。 (二) 反义词 这种错误指的是出题者将文中某个词，可以是动词、形容词、副词、名词、动名词、分词改成与正确文意相反或相对的词。考生必须能够识别这种错误，把它改过来。由于许多单词的反义词都可通过增加或取消表示否定意义的前缀、后缀而构成，在改正的过程，要特别注意利用这些词缀。 ● In part, technology has caused the population explosion, ... But in part, technology helps resolve the population problem, either. The need for more food discourages development of better technology which naturally keeps more people alive. 该段文字中的副词“either”和动词“discourages”在文中与文意相悖，逻辑上不通，应分别改成它们的反义词“too”和“encourages”。 (三) 肯定与否定 与上述两种通过单词本身的错误构成逻辑错误不同，这类错误是由于否定词not,no的缺漏或多余而造成的。 ● The children attended a small elementary school (often of just one room) to which they had to walk every week, every day, possibly for a few miles. The school term was short so that the children could not help, on the farm. “学期短，这样这些孩子就不能在农场上帮忙了”句意逻辑上不通，显然最后一句中的not应删去。来源：www.examda.com ● The quality of the environment may reduce the need for expensive drugs when a patient is not recovering from an illness. A study has shown that patients who had a view onto a garden needed half the number of strong pain killers compared with patients who had view at all or only a brick wall to look at. 此段中“not”应删去，而在had view之间应增添“no”，文意才通。 应试技巧 以上我们对综合改错题的各种错误类型进行了全面的归纳分析，可以说解题的思路和技巧已蕴含其中，现在我们从应试的角度提供几点建议： 1快速浏览全文，把握话题和大意。 2细读要求改错的那行文字，看看每一个词是否有语义、语法上的错误。 3如果本行或本句内找不出词汇语法上的错误，要特别注意一下上下文，看看是否有逻辑错误。来源：www.examda.com 4思路要开阔，考虑每类词汇能出现的错误，这一点尤为重要。 5注意以下一些常常设置的考点： ①如果出现现在分词ing，考虑一下是否应为过去分词ed,反之亦然。 ②如果是代词，考虑一下应该是主格、宾格还是所有格，或考虑应用单数形式还是复数形式。 its—his,his/her/its—their this—that/those/these that—which—what nothing—everything—anything other—the other—another few—a few, little—a little ③如果是形容词，考虑一下是否应为副词，或涉及形容词的语法错误，如比较级等，副词亦如此。 much—many, more—less, few—fewer little—few—less, late—later—latter—lately，good—well ④如果是介词，考虑是否能与动词、形容词、名词构成正确的搭配。 as—like, in—on—of, from—with—between ⑤如果是系动词be,助动词have，考虑单复数时态问题。 is (was)—are(were), have—had/has ⑥如果是连词，读一下上下文是否文意顺畅。来源：www.examda.com ⑦如果每个词本身都找不出问题，看看是否漏掉了什么词，如冠词等。