考研英语之英译汉系列辅导（三）

文章作者 100test 发表时间 2007:09:25 12:53:04
来源 100Test.Com百考试题网

7. 顺序调整法： 一般来说，翻译时应该按照句子原来的顺序进行，但由于英汉两种语言中定语、状语和一些其他成分的位置不完全相同，翻译时需要做一定的调整（例如采用倒译法），使其更符合汉语的习惯。如：

He looked at the sea moodily. 他心情不快地望着大海。

（英语的状语moodily翻译成汉语时位置有所变化）

The true measure of the danger is represented by the hazards we will encounter if we enter the new age of technology without first evaluating our responsibility to environment. 如果我们进入了技术新时代而不首先估价我们对环境所负的责任，我们将遇到公害，这些公害将表明危险真正达到了什么程度。

That our environment has little， if anything， to do with our abilities， characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. 这种理论的核心是，我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的话，也是微不足道的 .（原来的谓语，在译文中变成了在前的主语。）（真题示范）

Aid is only partial recompense for what the superior economic power of the advanced countries denies us through trade. 先进国家用优势力量，通过贸易剥削我们，其援助只不过是部分偿还而已。

Behaviorists， in contrast， say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of may of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy. 相反，行为主义者认为，成绩的差异是由于黑人往往被剥夺了白人在教育及其他环境方面所享有的许多有利条件。（in contrast在原文句中，翻译成汉语后放在句首。）（真题示范）

8.重复翻译法： 为了避免文章单调乏味，用英语写作时用尽量避免重复，常见的方法有使用代词、同义词、近义词以及省略某些成分等。但汉语不怕重复，连续使用某个词语是常见的情况，所以英译汉时为了译文的通顺我们可以适当地重复某些必要的词语。如：

Marketing economy is itself the product of long course of development， of a series of revolutions in the modes of production and of exchange. 市场经济本身是一个长期发展过程的产物，是生产方式和交换方式一系列变革的产物。（名词重复）

Federally funded training and free back-to-school programs for laid-off workers are under way， but few experts believe they will be able to keep up with the pace of the new technology. 为失业工人提供的联邦政府资助的培训计划和免费重返学校学习的计划目前都在实施中，但专家中几乎没有人认为这些计划能跟得上新技术的发展步伐。（they指的是上文的programs）

Among the four pictures， two appear to be real， others false. 在这四幅画中，有两幅看起来是真的，另外两幅看起来则是赝品。（动词重复）

Do animals have rights？ … Actually， it isnt， because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights， which is something the world does not have. 事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同认识为基础的，而这种共同认识并不存在。（it指Do animals have rights？）（真题示范）

9. 几种特殊否定句式的翻译法

The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach， for they are both controlled by the brain. 脏和胃一样不能思维，都受大脑支配。（“no more … than 翻译成汉语”和……一样不“）（真题示范）

There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take， any more than they can limit how much water you drink. 他们没有理由限定你吃多少维生素，就如同他们不能限定你喝多少水一样。

It was not so much the many blows he received as the lack of fighting spirit that led to his losing the game. 与其说他输了比赛是多次被击中，不如说是自己缺乏斗志。（“not so much … as”翻译成“与其说……，不如说……”）

Without accepting new techniques， there will be no great increase in labor productivity. 不采用新技术，就不能大幅度提高劳动生产率。

There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. 所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史研究中各个具体领域使用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。（真题示范）

Interests in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. 人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。（真题示范）

He is One cannot be too careful while driving in the area. 在该地区开车越细心越好。

He is the last person I want to see in the world. 他是这个世界上我最不愿意见到的人。

10.被动语态翻译法

1） 变为汉语的主动形式。如：

In his attitude can be found seeds for art in the 20th century： the art of the primitive， of symbol， and of imagination. 在他的态度中可以找到20世纪艺术的种子：充满原始、象征和想象的艺术。

It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset： it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans， or with no consideration at all. 这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应该这样对待动物：要么像对待人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。（真题示范）

On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence， but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared， and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed. 总的来说，得出这样的结论是有一定的把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他相比较的其他孩子的态度相同；他也没有因为缺乏其他孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。（真题示范）

In general， the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined. 总而言之，如果需要测定的人的素质能够精确地界定出来，那些测试就能有效地发挥作用，而如果那些需要测定或预测的素质不能清楚地界定出来，那些测试就没有什么效果。（真题示范）

2） 被动结构的表语化，将其翻译成“是……的”、“由……的”等。如：

The movement to oppose racial discrimination was personally initiated and led by a famous Negro leader. 这场反对种族歧视的运动是由一位著名的黑人领袖亲自发动和领导的。

3） 译成具有被动意义的汉语结构。如：

For all the help this computer may provide， it should not be seen as a substitute for fundamental thinking and reasoning skills. 尽管计算机可以提供那么多的帮助，它却不应该被看作是基本的思维和推理技巧的替代物。

It should be made clear to entire citizens that whoever enjoys rights must undertake corresponding obligations. 应该使全体公民明白，享受权利者必须承担响应的义务。

Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. 在这场争论中，赞成“天性”一方的人认为，我们的性格特征和行为模式大多数是由生物因素确定的。（真题示范）

How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount， reliability， and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. 这些预测将在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实取决于所用信息的数量、可靠程度、适宜程度以及用来解释这些信息的技巧与才智。（真题示范）

4） 增添“人们”、“大家”等适当的词做汉语译文的主语。如：

With the new technique， measurement was claimed to be much more precise. 有了这种技术，人们断言测量的结果精确得多。

And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes， and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. 许多人认为普通人的思维活动根本无法和科学家的思维过程想比较，他们并认为这些思维过程必须经过某中专门训练才能掌握。（真题示范）

During this transfer， traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study. 在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。（真题示范）