模拟训练（三） Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards cannot improve performance ___1___ at work and school. Cognitive resear-chers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging independence on approval and gifts ___2___ from others. The later view has gained many supporters, especially ___3___ among educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards speak creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly ___4___ presented inducements（刺激）indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. “ If kids know they are working for a reward and can focus on a relative challenging task, they show the most creativity.” ___5___ says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delacare in Newark. “But it is easy to kill creativity through giving rewards for ___6___ poor performance or creating too much anticipation of rewards.” ___7___ “A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up uninspired ___8___ students.” Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restor falling grades. In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economics, in that students handle challenging problems and receive ___9___ performance-based points toward valued rewards, show promise ___10___ in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psycholoist claims.
答案及解析: 1. cannot -> can 本句中，who引导非限制性定语从句做插入语，主语为Behaviorists，故谓语argue保持原形。通读全文可知，本文通过Psychologists的观点，引出其反对观点和支持观点，并对两种观点进行讨论。由第一段第二句中的谓语argue（“据理争辩”），可知Behaviorists在反对Psychologists的观点；第三句中的谓语maintain（“坚信”），则表明支持Psychologists观点的是Cognitive researchers。因此，Behaviorists表达的观点应该是rewards can improve performance at work and school，即“奖励可以促进人们在工作或在学习中的表现”，故将cannot改为can。
2. independence -> dependence 根据文意，independence on approval and gifts from others（“不依赖于他人的赞许和礼物”）与destroy creativity在语意上矛盾。故将independence改为dependence。
3. later -> latter later意为“后来的”，latter意为“后者；第二个”。根据文意应该将later改为latter。